☆ 4.6 Review

Recent progress in eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn): surface modification and applications

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2024)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Liquid metal-based soft, hermetic, and wireless-communicable seals for stretchable systems

Qingchen Shen et al.

Summary: We demonstrate the use of liquid metals as stretchable hermetic seals in soft materials, which are highly permeable to gases. These soft seals are applied in stretchable battery and heat transfer systems involving volatile fluids. The battery shows a capacity retention of approximately 72.5% after 500 cycles, while the sealed heat transfer system exhibits an increased thermal conductivity of around 309 watts per meter-kelvin when strained and heated. In addition, we successfully achieve wireless communication through these seals by incorporating a signal transmission window. This work provides a promising solution for creating stretchable yet hermetic packaging design for soft devices.

SCIENCE (2023)

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Article Engineering, Biomedical

Controlling C2C12 Cytotoxicity on Liquid Metal Embedded Elastomer (LMEE)

Phillip Won et al.

Summary: Liquid metal embedded elastomers (LMEEs) are stretchable composites with unique properties that make them appealing for flexible electronics and soft robotics. This study investigates the biocompatibility and cell cytotoxicity of LMEE composites in contact with C2C12 cells. The influence of EGaIn volume ratio and synthesis parameters on cell proliferation and viability is examined, as well as the case of electrically-conductive LMEE composites.

ADVANCED HEALTHCARE MATERIALS (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Liquid Metal Patterning and Unique Properties for Next-Generation Soft Electronics

Minwoo Kim et al.

Summary: Room-temperature liquid metal (LM)-based electronics with exceptional conductivity, conformability, stretchability, and biocompatibility have the potential to revolutionize the field of soft electronics. However, the rheological properties of LM, such as fluidity and surface tension, pose challenges in patterning. In this study, the authors comprehensively investigate and categorize LM-patterning methods, and provide insights into the unique properties of LM-based soft electronics. They also discuss the potential applications of LM-based soft electronics in areas like radio frequency electronics, soft robots, and heterogeneous catalyst. Understanding and utilizing the patterning methods and unique features of LM could lead to widespread integration of LM-based soft devices into everyday life.

ADVANCED SCIENCE (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Smart Eutectic Gallium-Indium: From Properties to Applications

Zhibin Zhao et al.

Summary: Eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) is a liquid metal that has attracted significant attention due to its excellent properties. It can be adjusted and mixed with other materials to obtain composite materials with extended properties. This review provides an introduction to the unique properties of EGaIn, illustrates the working principles of EGaIn-based devices, and summarizes the developments in EGaIn-related techniques. Additionally, it reviews the applications of EGaIn in various fields and discusses the challenges and potential applications for the development of EGaIn-based techniques.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Shaping a Soft Future: Patterning Liquid Metals

Jinwoo Ma et al.

Summary: This review highlights the unique techniques for patterning liquid metals, such as eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn). These techniques take advantage of the fluidity and ability to adhere to surfaces of liquid metals, which allows them to be shaped into non-spherical structures. This enables the development of fluidic metallic conductors for stretchable electronics, soft robotics, e-skins, and wearables. The key properties and patterning methods of these metals are summarized in this article.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2023)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Intrinsically Conductive Liquid Metal-Elastomer Composites for Stretchable and Flexible Electronics

Kory Schlingman et al.

Summary: Liquid metal-embedded elastomers (LMEEs) are deformable composites made of liquid metal particles dispersed in an elastomeric matrix. A simple process is introduced to fabricate intrinsically conductive LMEEs with conductive surfaces by sedimenting microparticles of eutectic gallium-indium alloy in the elastomer. These materials are soft, stretchable, and exhibit stable conductivity.

ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES (2023)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Interactive Aqueous Ink from Core-Shell Liquid Metal and PEDOT:PSS

Hao Peng et al.

Summary: This work successfully introduces conjugated polymers into the system of liquid metals to create a stable, aqueous, and electrically conductive ink for flexible electronics. The ink shows high transparency and exceptional electrical robustness, making it suitable for various flexible circuits.

ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES (2023)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Carbon Nanotube-Based Strain Sensors: Structures, Fabrication, and Applications

Rui Wang et al.

Summary: This paper systematically summarizes the advances in flexible resistance-type strain sensors based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), including the strain sensing mechanisms, sensor performance parameters, fabrication methods, and applications. The future challenges and outlook of CNT flexible strain sensors are also discussed.

ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Electrically Switchable Polarization in Bi2O2Se Ferroelectric Semiconductors

Weijun Wang et al.

Summary: Atomically 2D layered ferroelectric semiconductor bismuth oxychalcogenides (Bi2O2Se) with a thickness of 7.3 nm and a piezoelectric coefficient (d(33)) of 4.4 +/- 0.1 pm V-1 is investigated. The random orientations and electrically dependent polarization of the dipoles are uncovered, and the interplay between ferroelectricity and semiconducting characteristics in Bi2O2Se is explored on device-level operation, showing hysteresis behavior and memory window formation. Leveraging the ferroelectric polarization, the fabricated device exhibits smart photoresponse tunability and excellent electronic characteristics.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Reconfigurable Electrical Networks within a Conductive Hydrogel Composite

Yunsik Ohm et al.

Summary: Soft materials with reconfigurable conductive networks show promising applications in electronic skin for wearable electronics/soft robotics. This study presents a soft material architecture with silver flakes embedded in a hydrogel matrix, allowing reversible creation/disconnection of conductive networks through various stimuli. The electrical connectivity of the hydrogel can be modulated by controlling its water content, resulting in reversible and repeatable changes in conductivity. Highlighting the material's unique properties, this study demonstrates the reconfiguration of conductive traces after severe damage and the achievement of reprogrammable locomotion behavior in a quadruped robot responding to excess water.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2023)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Liquid metal @ mxene spring supports ionic gel with excellent mechanical properties for high-sensitivity wearable strain sensor

Lisong Dong et al.

Summary: In this study, MXene and liquid metal (LM) are used to form a spring structure in ionic gels, improving their mechanical properties and self-healing efficiency. The conductive paths based on double fillers are greatly destroyed during the straining process, leading to a high gauge factor. This study provides a new approach for the preparation of highly sensitive sensing materials for human body monitoring and applications in other domains.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2023)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Printable Self-Activated Liquid Metal Stretchable Conductors from Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Functionalized Eutectic Gallium Indium Composites

Yejin Jo et al.

Summary: This study developed a chemical strategy to surface-functionalize liquid metal particles, eliminating the need for additional mechanical activation processes for stretchable electronic circuits. The resulting composite layers have high conductivity and stretchability, making them applicable to traditional stretchable electronics, healable stretchable electronics, and shape-morphable applications.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Gallium-Based Liquid Metal Composites with Enhanced Thermal and Electrical Performance Enabled by Structural Engineering of Filler

Wenkui Xing et al.

Summary: This article presents a systematic study on the impact of structural engineering of metallic copper fillers on the thermal and electrical performance of gallium-based liquid metal composites. By optimizing the size, shape, and amount of fillers, significant enhancements in thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity can be achieved, leading to improved heat dissipation performance in electronic devices.

ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Biophysics

Liquid metal-polymer conductor-based wireless, battery-free epidermal patch

Lei Mou et al.

Summary: The wearable epidermal patch based on liquid metal-polymer conductor can seamlessly monitor biological signals in real-time. It is fabricated with good stretchability, repeatability, and biocompatibility, and achieves wireless signal communication and power supply through LMPC-based antenna and wire. The epidermal patch exhibits excellent analytical performance for sweat analysis of metabolites, electrolytes, and urea.

BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Spectroscopic analysis focusing on ionic liquid/metal electrode and organic semiconductor interfaces in an electrochemical environment

Ichiro Tanabe

Summary: This article discusses the importance of the interface between ionic liquids and solid substrates, as well as the methods of research using new technologies. It also explores the applications in interfacial analytical chemistry and compares them to other methods described in recent literature. Additionally, the supplementation of experimental data with theoretical calculations is addressed, providing a deeper understanding of interfacial reactions.

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS (2022)

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DC electric field-driven heartbeat phenomenon of gallium-based liquid metal on a floating electrode

Zhenyou Ge et al.

Summary: The article reports the periodic jumping phenomenon of non-toxic gallium indium alloy droplets under the stimulation of a direct current field, and explores the characteristics and mechanism of the heartbeat through experiments. The heartbeat state and application boundaries of the LM droplet under different conditions are summarized, providing a new method for artificial simulation of heart beating in the future.

SOFT MATTER (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Intermetallic wetting enabled high resolution liquid metal patterning for 3D and flexible electronics

Lucy Johnston et al.

Summary: Liquid metals have great potential for soft electronics and wearable devices due to their high conductivity and flowability. This study showcases the high-resolution patterning of liquid metal on various substrates, demonstrating excellent stability and reversible resistance changes on flexible substrates. The method shows promise for fabricating 3D electronic devices and flexible sensors.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Biphasic Liquid Metal Composites for Sinter-Free Printed Stretchable Electronics

Abdollah Hajalilou et al.

Summary: This study introduces a new type of biphasic liquid metal composite that enables sinter-free writing of stretchable circuits. The trinary material system exhibits high conductivity, excellent stretchability, low gauge-factor, and strong adhesion to various substrates. The composite combines the fluidic behavior, resilience, and self-healing properties of liquid metals with the printability, adhesion, and elastic integrity of elastomers. The study demonstrates that the introduction of conductive microparticle fillers, particularly silver, is essential for achieving printable, stretchable, and sinter-free composites.

ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Emerging Role of Liquid Metals in Sensing

Mahroo Baharfar et al.

Summary: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of Ga-based liquid metals in various sensing approaches. The unique features of Ga-based liquid metals, as well as relevant case studies, are discussed, and the future prospects and development motivations are highlighted for each type of LM-based sensors.

ACS SENSORS (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Applications of liquid metals in nanotechnology

Francois-Marie Allioux et al.

Summary: Post-transition liquid metals offer new opportunities for nanomaterials, with the formation of nanodroplets providing unique properties at the nanoscale. These liquid state nanodroplets offer high electrical and thermal conductivities, tunable reactivities, and useful physicochemical properties, contributing to the development of functional materials for various applications at the nanoscale.

NANOSCALE HORIZONS (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Construction of 3D Conductive Network in Liquid Gallium with Enhanced Thermal and Electrical Performance

Wenkui Xing et al.

Summary: A 3D thermal and electrical conductive graphene network was successfully created in gallium-based liquid metal via a simple one-step ball-milling approach, demonstrating high thermal conductivity for LED chip heat dissipation and controllability under external electrical or magnetic fields. This new design offers enhanced properties for a wide range of applications, including thermal management systems, 3D printing, flexible conductors, soft robotic systems, and wearable energy technologies.

ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Skin-Inspired Capacitive Stress Sensor with Large Dynamic Range via Bilayer Liquid Metal Elastomers

Jiayi Yang et al.

Summary: The research presents a soft capacitive pressure sensor based on a bilayer of liquid metal elastomer foam (B-LMEF), which has high sensitivity and a large dynamic range, allowing it to operate over a wide range of stress levels.

ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Printed Flexible Transparent Electrodes for Harsh Environments

Jianjun Yang et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates a simple and cost-effective approach for fabricating flexible transparent electrodes for harsh environments, by microscale 3D printing of a silver mesh on a colorless polyimide substrate. The electrodes exhibit good optoelectronic properties and excellent environmental stability.

ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES (2022)

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Review Polymer Science

Multifunctional liquid metal polymer composites

Gregory G. Guymon et al.

Summary: Liquid metal polymer composites are a class of emerging functional materials that combine the functional properties of metals with the soft and stretchable nature of polymers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of gallium-based liquid metal polymer composites, discussing synthesis methods, structural and functional properties, and applications. The control of liquid metal size and interaction in polymers, as well as the effect of liquid metal microstructures on composite properties, are also highlighted. New trends in material composition, printing process, and novel applications are presented.

JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Liquid Metal Microgels for Three-Dimensional Printing of Smart Electronic Clothes

Pengcheng Wu et al.

Summary: This study proposes a recyclable liquid-metal-microgel (LMM) ink composed of gallium-based liquid metal droplets encapsulated by alginate microgel shells, demonstrating excellent printability and adhesion to various substrates, with the ability to recover conductivity through activation. The activated LMM circuit shows superior electrical performance, including significant resistance response to strain and great durability to nonplanar forces.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Self-Supporting, Conductor-Exposing, Stretchable, Ultrathin, and Recyclable Kirigami-Structured Liquid Metal Paper for Multifunctional E-Skin

Xing Li et al.

Summary: This article introduces a kind of liquid metal electrode called kirigami-structured LM paper (KLP), which is self-supporting, conductor-exposing, stretchable, ultrathin, and recyclable for multifunctional E-skin. The KLP can acquire high-quality electrophysiological signals and can operate as a self-powered E-skin when integrated with a triboelectric nanogenerator. The authors also developed a smart dialing communication system using the KLP on human skin to call a cellphone.

ACS NANO (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Wet-Adhesive Elastomer for Liquid Metal-Based Conformal Epidermal Electronics

Jinhao Cheng et al.

Summary: The study presents a facile method for encapsulating metal-polymer conductors as epidermal electronics, using a adhesive made with polyethylene glycol and polydimethylsiloxane. The resulting electronics are soft and adhesive, capable of conformally adhering to the skin for more than 2 days even after sports and showers. The study demonstrates their potential for motion detection, electrophysiological signal detection, and skin wound healing.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Highly Elastic, Sensitive, Stretchable, and Skin-Inspired Conductive Sodium Alginate/Polyacrylamide/Gallium Composite Hydrogel with Toughness as a Flexible Strain Sensor

Qinglong Cao et al.

Summary: A highly strain-sensitive skin-like hydrogel sensor was designed using acrylamide and sodium alginate, with liquid metallic gallium as a conductive filler. The sensor had similar properties to human skin, such as low elastic modulus, high toughness, and large tensile deformation, while also possessing excellent electrical conductivity and transparency. It exhibited high sensitivity to strain and pressure, enabling the monitoring of various human motions and even human-computer communication.

BIOMACROMOLECULES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Deposition of Vertically Aligned Ag/Ag2S Nanoflakes on EGaIn Particles for Humidity Sensing

Yanlei Liu et al.

Summary: Liquid metals, with good electrical conductivity and processability, can serve as synthesis templates for other functional materials. In this study, core-shell EGaIn/Ag/Ag2S composite particles were prepared through an in-situ galvanic replacement reaction, and they exhibited superior sensing response in a humidity sensor. This is attributed to the n-type semiconductor nature of Ag2S and its hydrophilic surface.

CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Reconfigurable Magnetic Liquid Metal Robot for High-Performance Droplet Manipulation

Yuxuan Zhang et al.

Summary: A reconfigurable magnetic liquid metal robot (MLMR) is proposed for droplet manipulation, which can achieve diverse manipulation behaviors and flexible shape adjustment through magnetic field drive. This technology has broad application potential in microfluidics, biochemistry, and other fields.

NANO LETTERS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

3D Printed High Performance Silver Mesh for Transparent Glass Heaters through Liquid Sacrificial Substrate Electric-Field-Driven Jet

Hongke Li et al.

Summary: This study proposes a technique using liquid sacrificial substrate electric-field-driven microscale 3D printing for the fabrication of high performance transparent glass heaters (TGHs). The manufactured TGHs exhibit desirable optoelectronic performance and deicing capability, making them suitable for photothermal and electrothermal systems.

SMALL (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Liquid metal-tailored gluten network for protein-based e-skin

Bin Chen et al.

Summary: This study introduces a self-healing, biocompatible, biodegradable, stretchable, and conductive material made from a gluten network cross-linked with EGaIn liquid metal. The material is demonstrated as a movement strain sensor and shows promising mechanical properties and the ability to promote skin cell proliferation.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Directly Printed Embedded Metal Mesh for Flexible Transparent Electrode via Liquid Substrate Electric-Field-Driven Jet

Zhenghao Li et al.

Summary: A facile and efficient method is proposed for the fabrication of flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) with embedded metal meshes via liquid substrate electric-field-driven microscale 3D printing process. The FTEs produced using this method exhibit high-resolution, high-aspect ratio embedded metal meshes without sacrificing transparency. The final manufactured FTEs show excellent optoelectronic performance and mechanical stability.

ADVANCED SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Biocompatible liquid metal coated stretchable electrospinning film for strain sensors monitoring system

Xiaofeng Wang et al.

Summary: Liquid metals have great potential in flexible and deformable electronics due to their fluidity, low viscosity, high conductivity, and low toxicity. However, existing sensors based on liquid metals are complex and costly. In this study, a flexible three-dimensional conductive network was created by coating liquid metal droplets onto a thermoplastic polyurethane fiber film. This network exhibited excellent biocompatibility, conductivity, and stretchability, making it suitable for monitoring human body movements and healthcare applications.

SCIENCE CHINA-MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Stiffness tunable implanted electrode enabled by magnetic liquid metal for wireless hyperthermia

Xuyang Sun et al.

Summary: This study proposes an implantable electrode with tunable stiffness for wirelessly enhanced electromagnetic therapy, which can achieve hyperthermia for tumor growth inhibition and prolong survival time. The electrode, fabricated by magnetic liquid metal, demonstrates excellent biocompatibility and biosafety, providing broad application scenarios in tumor therapeutics and nervous system monitoring and stimulation.

APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Liquid metal droplets enabled soft robots

Limeng Zheng et al.

Summary: Liquid metal-based soft robots, with exceptional deformability and conductivity, have attracted significant interest due to their suitability in various applications. This article provides an overview of the actuation modes and mechanisms for these robots, reviews potential applications, and discusses current challenges and future directions.

APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A Universal Mechanochemistry Allows On-Demand Synthesis of Stable and Processable Liquid Metal Composites

Die Wu et al.

Summary: A cross-mechanochemistry between liquid metal and inorganic solid is reported, which allows for handling and processing of liquid metal. This approach enables the transformation of liquid metal into low-surface-tension liquid, semi-solid paste, or even solid powder, and facilitates the preparation of polymer composites, direct molding processable paste, and printable electronic ink.

SMALL METHODS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Personalized Electronic Tattoo for Healthcare Realized by On-the-Spot Assembly of an Intrinsically Conductive and Durable Liquid-Metal Composite

Gun-Hee Lee et al.

Summary: Conventional electronic skins are limited in their ability to be customized, but a new type of e-tattoo can be directly applied to the skin and designed according to user preferences. By using carbon nanotubes attached to liquid metal particles, e-tattoos achieve electrical conductivity and mechanical durability. The properties of the liquid metal suspension allow for the precise assembly of particles on the skin. E-tattoos are low-cost, easy to prepare, compatible with the skin, and have multiple functions, making them highly suitable for biomedical engineering applications.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Universal assembly of liquid metal particles in polymers enables elastic printed circuit board

Wonbeom Lee et al.

Summary: An elastic printed circuit board (E-PCB) is a conductive framework used for the assembly of stretchable electronics. This study presents a method using a liquid metal particle network (LMPNet) as an elastic conductor, which satisfies all the requirements for E-PCBs. The LMPNet enables the fabrication of high-density E-PCBs, allowing the integration of numerous electronic components to create highly stretchable skin electronics.

SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Monolithically Programmed Stretchable Conductor by Laser-Induced Entanglement of Liquid Metal and Metallic Nanowire Backbone

Chulmin Cho et al.

Summary: In this study, a novel liquid metal electrode was developed, which utilized laser-induced photothermal reaction to control the entanglement between fragmented eutectic gallium-indium alloy (EGaIn) and silver nanowire (AgNW). This enabled direct patterning of stretchable electrodes with spatially programmed strain-resistance characteristics. The electrode, a biphasic metallic composite (BMC), supported the uniform and durable formation of target layers on stretchable substrates. By regulating the degree of entanglement, the electrode became effectively insensitive to applied strain, allowing for the rapid creation of complex stretchable circuitry through a single process.

SMALL (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Room-temperature liquid metal synthesis of nanoporous copper-indium heterostructures for efficient carbon dioxide reduction to syngas

Xingcheng Ma et al.

Summary: In this paper, a self-supporting bimetallic porous heterogeneous indium/copper structure catalyst was synthesized and proven to exhibit excellent performance in the reduction of carbon dioxide to syngas. The ratio of H-2/CO can be adjusted by changing working potentials. The catalyst shows high stability and has two distinct active sites, Cu-delta and Cu-0, enabling the high-performance generation of CO and H-2.

SCIENCE CHINA-MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Low Cost and Facile Fabrication of a Micro-Mold with High Aspect Ratio for Transparent Electrodes with Metal Mesh Using Micro-Scale 3D Printing

Luanfa Sun et al.

Summary: A method for fabricating transparent electrodes using polymer micro-molds is proposed, enabling efficient and environmentally friendly mass production.

ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

MXene-Reinforced Liquid Metal/Polymer Fibers via Interface Engineering for Wearable Multifunctional Textiles

Peng Yi et al.

Summary: Developing stretchable conductive fibers is crucial for wearable electronic textiles. The use of MXene materials to modify liquid metal droplets enhances the performance of the conductive fibers, improving adhesion and establishing efficient electron transport paths. These fibers exhibit excellent properties and are suitable for various applications.

ACS NANO (2022)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

3D Printing of Liquid Metal Embedded Elastomers for Soft Thermal and Electrical Materials

Phillip Won et al.

Summary: LMEEs are composed of soft polymer matrix embedded with liquid metal alloys. A new approach for direct ink write printing of printable LMEE ink is introduced, enabling creation of three-dimensional shapes with various designs. LMEE exhibits exceptional electrical, elastic, and thermal properties suitable for flexible electronics, soft robotics, and thermal management applications.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2022)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Liquid metal droplet motion transferred from an alkaline solution by a robot arm

Ye Tao et al.

Summary: In this study, a novel robot arm was designed to transfer the motion of gallium-based liquid metals from an alkaline solution in a synchronous drive mode. The motion performance of the robot arm against the applied voltage and driving direction was investigated, and several applications using this robot arm were demonstrated.

LAB ON A CHIP (2022)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

A tripodal wheeled mobile robot driven by a liquid metal motor

Rui Xue et al.

Summary: This study designs a wheeled mobile robot completely driven by liquid metal, controlling the movement of the robot through the Marangoni surface flow and eccentric torque generated by the change in droplet shape and position caused by an electrochemical reaction. This research is of great significance for the development and application of liquid metal actuators.

LAB ON A CHIP (2022)

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Proceedings Paper Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Investigation of Thermal Properties and Thermal Reliability of Ga-based Low Melting Temperature Alloys as Thermal Interface Materials (TIMs)

Yifan Wu et al.

Summary: Gallium-based low melting temperature alloys are considered as candidates for next generation thermal interface materials due to their high thermal conductivity and liquidity. However, their poor wettability and the embrittling and corroding effect of gallium on metals have hindered their use in the electronics industry. Studying the relationship between thermal properties evolution and interfacial reactions between gallium-based materials and metal substrates is important for finding solutions to these issues.

TMS 2022 151ST ANNUAL MEETING & EXHIBITION SUPPLEMENTAL PROCEEDINGS (2022)

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Article Automation & Control Systems

Liquid Metal Interdigitated Capacitive Strain Sensor with Normal Stress Insensitivity

Dongguang Zhang et al.

Summary: This study presents a liquid metal-interdigitated capacitive strain sensor that is insensitive to normal stress, with high stretchability and repeatability, and no crosstalk between strain and normal stress sensing.

ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Liquid Metal Swimming Nanorobots

Zesheng Li et al.

Summary: Liquid metal gallium-based materials have potential promises in various fields such as bioengineering and smart medicine, with particular focus on the development of flexible robots. Swimming nanorobots, designed to convert energy into kinetic energy at the micro/nanoscale, show potential in in vivo applications. However, challenges remain in terms of biocompatibility and navigation at smaller scales.

ACCOUNTS OF MATERIALS RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Polydopamine Shell as a Ga3+ Reservoir for Triggering Gallium-Indium Phase Separation in Eutectic Gallium-Indium Nanoalloys

Wanjie Xie et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the compositional change of EGaIn nanoalloys triggered by PDA coating, resulting in core-shell nanostructures. The PDA shell continuously depletes Ga3+ from the EGaIn nanoalloys, transforming them into non-eutectic systems and ultimately solidifying In.

ACS NANO (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Polyphenol-Induced Adhesive Liquid Metal Inks for Substrate-Independent Direct Pen Writing

Md Arifur Rahim et al.

Summary: This research utilizes the universal catechol adhesion chemistry observed in nature to stabilize LM inks, allowing for wide applications of LM on various substrates. The adhesive properties of tannic acid enable liquid metals to be patterned on substrates ranging from flexible to rigid, flat to curved.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Liquid Metals: A Novel Possibility of Fabricating 2D Metal Oxides

Shasha Zhao et al.

Summary: Liquid metals have shown great potential in the fabrication of 2D metal oxides due to their solubility, fluidity, reactivity, and ability to act as a symmetric matched substrate for growing high-quality materials. Their unique features make them promising candidates for the further development of 2DMOs.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Hydrogen-doped viscoplastic liquid metal microparticles for stretchable printed metal lines

Selvaraj Veerapandian et al.

Summary: This study introduces hydrogen doping to increase the conductivity of liquid metal particles, allowing for the printing of metallic and stretchable circuit lines. The printed lines exhibit excellent mechanical properties and long-term stability, making them suitable for use in various electronic applications.

NATURE MATERIALS (2021)

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Review Engineering, Multidisciplinary

Preparation and application of gallium-based conductive materials in the very recent years

Wang XinPeng et al.

Summary: Liquid metals have low melting points and good electrical conductivity, making them valuable for flexible electronics. However, limitations such as high surface tension and low viscosity have hindered their application in microelectronics manufacturing. Recent efforts have been made to overcome these challenges, with significant progress in the development of liquid metal-based conductive materials for flexible electronic applications.

SCIENCE CHINA-TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Interfacial Engineering of Room Temperature Liquid Metals

Jun-Heng Fu et al.

Summary: Room temperature liquid metals, particularly gallium-based alloys, exhibit fascinating characteristics derived from both metallic and fluidic natures. Understanding the interfacial effects of liquid metal on diverse surfaces is crucial for explaining fundamental phenomena and enabling applications in unconventional chemical synthesis, energy conversion, and printed electronics. Systematic interpretation of these interfacial issues is essential for developing advanced technologies in RTLMs.

ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Crystalline growth and alloying of InxGa1-xSb films by electrodeposition onto liquid metal electrodes

Z. R. Lindsey et al.

Summary: Incorporating indium (In) atoms into the GaSb lattice allows for broad tunability of the optical bandgap within the infrared spectral region. This study demonstrates the first instance of electrochemical liquid-liquid-solid (ec-LLS) growth of a ternary semiconductor alloy in the literature. The research shows shifts in diffraction peaks and optical bandgaps with varying indium compositions, supporting the incorporation of indium into the GaSb lattice for samples with x >= 0.50.

RESULTS IN PHYSICS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A general approach to composites containing nonmetallic fillers and liquid gallium

Chunhui Wang et al.

Summary: A versatile method has been reported for making liquid metal composites by mixing gallium with non-metallic particles, resulting in materials with different properties that can be stiffened, softened, and made porous by changing temperature. The gallium putty containing reduced graphene oxide exhibits excellent electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness, while the material with diamond filler has superior thermal conductivity and heat transfer performance. Additionally, composites can be formed from eutectic alloys of gallium, allowing a variety of fillers to be incorporated in liquid metals for specific purposes.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

A Robot Boat Powered by Liquid Metal Engines

Xiangpeng Li et al.

Summary: This study introduces a liquid metal engine (LME) that does not require mechanical moving parts and can serve as a jet thruster for a robot boat, providing continuous power support. It offers a new approach for developing high-performance liquid metal machines to power robotic systems.

ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES (2021)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Bi-Phasic Ag-In-Ga-Embedded Elastomer Inks for Digitally Printed, Ultra-Stretchable, Multi-layer Electronics

Pedro Alhais Lopes et al.

Summary: The bi-phasic ternary Ag-In-Ga ink demonstrates high electrical conductivity, extreme stretchability, and low GF, allowing for the direct writing of highly stretchable multi-layer circuits with excellent conductivity.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2021)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Printable and Recyclable Conductive Ink Based on a Liquid Metal with Excellent Surface Wettability for Flexible Electronics

Jianyu Xu et al.

Summary: A printable and recyclable ink composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) and liquid metal (PVA-LM) was developed to enhance surface wettability and compatibility for diverse substrates. The ink showed excellent conductivity, making it suitable for designing alarm systems and object locators, and the flexible sensors produced with this ink have high sensitivity and stable signal generation capabilities. The study paves the way for environmentally friendly flexible devices of the next generation.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Highly stretchable multilayer electronic circuits using biphasic gallium-indium

Shanliangzi Liu et al.

Summary: Biphasic Ga-In, a printable conductor, with high conductivity and extreme stretchability, is used to create various stretchable circuit board assemblies through a scalable transfer-printing process. These assemblies include a multilayer light-emitting diode display, an amplifier circuit, and a signal conditioning board for wearable sensing applications.

NATURE MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Printed Stretchable Liquid Metal Electrode Arrays for In Vivo Neural Recording

Ruihua Dong et al.

Summary: A new fabrication strategy for highly stretchable neural electrode arrays based on screen printing of liquid metal conductors onto polydimethylsiloxane substrates was developed. The electrode arrays show a resolution of 50 μm and high biocompatibility, retaining stable electrical properties and mechanical performance under significant strain.

SMALL (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Liquid-Metal-Based Dynamic Thermoregulating and Self-Powered Electronic Skin

Shengxin Xiang et al.

Summary: Electronic skin (E-skin) is a promising human-machine interface with tactile perception, stretchability, breathability, moisture permeability, softness, and thermoregulating ability. A thermoregulating E-skin (TE-skin) based on liquid metal has been developed, which can dynamically regulate temperature according to the surrounding temperature.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Templateless, Plating-Free Fabrication of Flexible Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Silver Mesh by Electric-Field-Driven Microscale 3D Printing and Hybrid Hot Embossing

Xiaoyang Zhu et al.

Summary: This study proposes a new fabrication technique for high-performance FTEs with embedded silver mesh, achieving excellent optoelectronic properties, smooth surface, mechanical stability, and environmental adaptability. The fabricated FTE demonstrates superior stability and reliability under diverse tests and harsh working conditions, showcasing its potential for practical applications in flexible transparent heaters.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Gallium Liquid Metal: The Devil's Elixir

Shi-Yang Tang et al.

Summary: Gallium is a unique liquid metal with properties such as low toxicity, rapid formation of oxide skin, and versatility in creating deformable and soft devices.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF MATERIALS RESEARCH, VOL 51, 2021 (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Supported Cu/W/Mo/Ni-Liquid Metal Catalyst with Core-Shell Structure for Photocatalytic Degradation

Shuting Liang et al.

Summary: This study proposed a liquid metal/metal oxide core-shell composite multi-metal catalyst and demonstrated its effectiveness in photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminated raw liquor. By exploring the effects of different metal species on the rate of catalytic degradation, it was found that the Ni-LM catalyst exhibited high degradation performance.

CATALYSTS (2021)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Reversible Underwater Adhesion for Soft Robotic Feet by Leveraging Electrochemically Tunable Liquid Metal Interfaces

Hongda Lu et al.

Summary: A team of researchers has developed liquid metal smart feet (LMSF) that allow versatile actuation of soft crawling robots on wet slippery surfaces. By adjusting the liquid metal interface, the robots can move along arbitrary directions, demonstrating the versatility and reliability of the technology.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2021)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

3D Printing of a PDMS Cylindrical Microlens Array with 100% Fill-Factor

Houchao Zhang et al.

Summary: The study introduces a method for efficiently manufacturing CMLAs with a high fill-factor using electric-field-driven microscale 3D printing of PDMS. By adjusting printing parameters, the profile and fill-factor of CMLAs can be controlled to enhance their optical performance. The results show good morphology and optical properties of the prepared CMLAs, suggesting a potential cost-effective route for manufacturing large-area CMLAs.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Enzyme-Powered Liquid Metal Nanobots Endowed with Multiple Biomedical Functions

Dandan Xu et al.

Summary: The study proposes enzyme-powered liquid metal nanobots with multiple therapeutic functions and imaging signals. These nanobots exhibit positive chemotaxis along a concentration gradient of urea and achieve synergistic antibacterial treatment through both photothermal and chemotherapeutic effects.

ACS NANO (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Graphene Oxide Encapsulating Liquid Metal to Toughen Hydrogel

Yijie Hu et al.

Summary: Inspired by the function of ligaments in biological structure, graphene oxide nanosheets are introduced to encapsulate liquid metal droplets, forming a flexible LM/GO core-shell microstructure that creates a tough hydrogel with high strength and abrasion resistance, providing a new possibility for using LM in flexible devices.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Stimuli-Driven Insulator-Conductor Transition in a Flexible Polymer Composite Enabled by Biphasic Liquid Metal

Huaizhi Liu et al.

Summary: This research introduces the stimuli-driven transition from biphasic to monophasic state of liquid metal into polymer science to form dynamic soft conductors from the binary metal-polymer composites for the first time. Conducting stretchable polymer composite is developed using a judiciously chosen biphasic binary metal that undergoes conductor to insulator transition upon stretching, with insulating stretched films becoming conducting upon heating.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Liquid Metal Artificial Muscle

Jian Shu et al.

Summary: Liquid metal artificial muscles based on electrochemically tunable interfacial tension can work in various solutions, generate high actuation strains, and require very low driving voltage. They offer simplicity, versatility, and efficiency, expanding the performance space of soft actuators for a wide range of applications.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Liquid Metal Composites with Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Stability Using Molecular Thermal Linker

Han Wang et al.

Summary: The study introduces a novel method to enhance the thermal conductivity and stability of gallium-based liquid metal composites by introducing 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane at the copper-gallium oxide interfaces. By mixing LM with copper particles modified by CPTES, the composite achieves a high thermal conductivity. The approach also demonstrates the flexibility of tuning the thermal conductivity by altering the terminal groups of silane molecules.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Surface Tension of the Oxide Skin of Gallium-Based Liquid Metals

Stephan Handschuh-Wang et al.

Summary: This article explores the surface tension of gallium-based alloys, determining it to be independent of substrate surface or liquid metal used. By using gradually attenuated vibrations and the puddle height method, the researchers were able to analyze equilibrium shapes and attribute the similarity of surface tension among different alloys to the composition of the oxide skin. The findings suggest potential application of this method to other liquid metal alloys and systems for modeling, simulation, and optimization processes.

LANGMUIR (2021)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Gallium-Based Liquid Metal Particles for Therapeutics

Wanjie Xie et al.

Summary: Gallium-based LMPs offer low toxicity, excellent electrical and thermal conductivities, and fluidity at room temperature, making them suitable for a range of therapeutic applications. However, fundamental research on their unique characteristics for therapeutics remains underexplored, while recent advances in their design and implementation show promising potential for drug delivery, cancer treatment, bioimaging, and biosensing.

TRENDS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Ultrastrong Spontaneous Surface Wetting of Room Temperature Liquid Metal on Treated Metal Surface

Weiguang Lin et al.

Summary: The study found a novel method utilizing a chemical approach to achieve spontaneous wetting of liquid metal on metal surfaces, with LM spreading rapidly on metal substrates treated with a specific copper compound solution through reactive-wetting and metallic bond-enabled wetting mechanism. The redox reaction and formation of intermetallic compounds via LM phagocytosis contribute to the spontaneous wetting of LM on metal substrates.

ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Microscale Liquid Metal Conductors for Stretchable and Transparent Electronics

Laurent Dejace et al.

Summary: The development of integrated wearables for transducing and transmitting biophysical information has encountered significant challenges due to the complex physical and chemical properties of gallium-based liquid metals. A microtechnology approach has been introduced to fabricate deformable microscale LM conductors with high surface density and large surface areas, offering a range of designs and geometries for LM-based stretchable electronic conductors. The versatility of this new technology allows for circuit designs with unrivaled transparency or large metallization density.

ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Liquid Metal Transformable Machines

Hongzhang Wang et al.

Summary: Liquid metals, with their unique transforming capabilities, hold great promise for future soft robotics design and are evolving into new forms of soft robots with potential applications in various fields.

ACCOUNTS OF MATERIALS RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Automation & Control Systems

Liquid Metal Enabled Biodevices

Tim Cole et al.

Summary: Biodevices are crucial for various medical applications, but existing rigid components can cause discomfort. Gallium-based liquid metals offer a soft, deformable, and healable alternative, making them ideal for developing innovative biodevices. Recent advancements in liquid-metal-based biodevices include techniques for fabrication and a diverse range of wearable or implantable devices. Challenges and future outlook are also discussed.

ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (2021)

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Article Automation & Control Systems

Liquid Metal-Based Strain Sensor with Ultralow Detection Limit for Human-Machine Interface Applications

Yuanzhao Wu et al.

Summary: The flexible strain sensor, based on liquid metal technology, has a broad strain sensing range and ultralow detection limit, efficiently detecting human gestures and showing great potential in the fields of human health monitoring and human-machine interface.

ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (2021)

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Review Automation & Control Systems

Interfacial Tension Modulation of Liquid Metal via Electrochemical Oxidation

Minyung Song et al.

Summary: Recent studies have shown that electrochemical oxidation can significantly decrease the interfacial tension of liquid metals, from approximately 500 mN m(-1) at 0 V to approximately 0 mN m(-1) at less than 1 V. This reversible and controllable change in tension surpasses what is achievable through conventional electrocapillarity or surfactants. The report aims to introduce beginners to this field, clarify misconceptions, and discuss applications and future challenges related to modulating the interfacial tension of liquid metals.

ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Light-controlled versatile manipulation of liquid metal droplets: a gateway to future liquid robots

Hongtai Ren et al.

Summary: This study introduces a light-induced manipulation method for liquid metal droplets, which selectively activates phototransistors in an electrolyte to achieve precise control over multiple droplets without complex and bulky systems. The research demonstrates the ability of this light-induced control method to induce concurrent motion, splitting, and merging of LM droplets, thereby providing potential for advancing future robotics and collaborative robots.

MATERIALS HORIZONS (2021)

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Review Automation & Control Systems

Surface Modification of Gallium-Based Liquid Metals: Mechanisms and Applications in Biomedical Sensors and Soft Actuators

Ki Yoon Kwon et al.

Summary: Surface modifications to gallium-based liquid metals enable unique applications such as soft biomedical sensors and actuators, providing comfort, mechanical compliance, and stretchability.

ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Recyclable, weldable, mechanically durable, and programmable liquid metal-elastomer composites

Guokang Chen et al.

Summary: The study introduces a novel approach to fabricate durable and recyclable multifunctional LM elastomer composites with excellent mechanical and electrical properties, which can be tuned in electrical performance through a mechano-training process, and possess self-healing properties and transience.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2021)

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Review Engineering, Biomedical

Nano-Biomedicine based on Liquid Metal Particles and Allied Materials

Xuyang Sun et al.

Summary: Liquid metals with unique characteristics have emerged as promising materials for nanomedicine, offering exciting opportunities for biomedical applications. Advancements in synthesis methods and surface modifications have enabled diverse and state-of-the-art biomedical applications in this field.

ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Surface modification of liquid metal as an effective approach for deformable electronics and energy devices

Hyunwoo Bark et al.

Summary: The translation discusses the current progress in chemical surface modification and interfacial manipulations of liquid metal particles. It also reviews the physical and chemical properties of surface modification-assisted liquid metal polymer composite. The applications of surface-modified liquid metal particles in various fields like flexible electrodes, soft robotics, energy storage or harvesters, thermal conductors, dielectric sensors, and bioelectronics are also discussed.

CHEMICAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Soft actuators by electrochemical oxidation of liquid metal surfaces

Jiahe Liao et al.

Summary: The surface energy of liquid metals can be controlled through electrochemical methods to create small-scale soft-matter actuators with high power density. By adjusting the surface energy of the liquid metal, the force and shape of the electrochemical soft actuator can be controlled.

SOFT MATTER (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Liquid metal-created macroporous composite hydrogels with self-healing ability and multiple sensations as artificial flexible sensors

Zhixing Zhang et al.

Summary: A new class of sponge-like porous hydrogel conductors integrating self-healing ability, multiple sensations, and excellent mechanical properties is proposed in this study, resulting from liquid metal-created multiple structures.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Flexible Hybrid Electronics for Digital Healthcare

Yinji Ma et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Liquid Metal Droplet and Graphene Co-Fillers for Electrically Conductive Flexible Composites

Maricruz G. Saborio et al.

SMALL (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

All-Printed Flexible and Stretchable Electronics with Pressing or Freezing Activatable Liquid-Metal-Silicone Inks

Lu-yu Zhou et al.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Particle-Based Porous Materials for the Rapid and Spontaneous Diffusion of Liquid Metals

Jian Shu et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Recoverable Liquid Metal Paste with Reversible Rheological Characteristic for Electronics Printing

Hao Chang et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Novel Conductive Core-Shell Particle Based on Liquid Metal for Fabricating Real-Time Self-Repairing Flexible Circuits

Rongmin Zheng et al.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Highly Stretchable Polymer Composite with Strain-Enhanced Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness

Bin Yao et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Ferromagnetic Liquid Metal Putty-Like Material with Transformed Shape and Reconfigurable Polarity

Lingxiao Cao et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Thermodynamics

Comparison of pressure drop and heat transfer performance for liquid metal cooled mini-channel with different coolants and heat sink materials

Adeel Muhammad et al.

JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Liquid Metal Hybrid Platform-Mediated Ice-Fire Dual Noninvasive Conformable Melanoma Therapy

Yi Hou et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Nucleation and Growth of Polyaniline Nanofibers onto Liquid Metal Nanoparticles

Chengchen Zhang et al.

CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Attributes, Fabrication, and Applications of Gallium-Based Liquid Metal Particles

Yiliang Lin et al.

ADVANCED SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Exploring Electrochemical Extrusion of Wires from Liquid Metals

Jialuo Han et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Programmable Digital Liquid Metal Droplets in Reconfigurable Magnetic Fields

Xiangpeng Li et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Liquid Metal Microparticles Phase Change Medicated Mechanical Destruction for Enhanced Tumor Cryoablation and Dual-Mode Imaging

Xuyang Sun et al.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Galvanic Replacement of Liquid Metal/Reduced Graphene Oxide Frameworks

Yushu Wang et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Liquid Metal Initiator of Ring-Opening Polymerization: Self-Capsulation into Thermal/Photomoldable Powder for Multifunctional Composites

Xiankai Li et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Oxidation of Gallium-based Liquid Metal Alloys by Water

Megan A. Creighton et al.

LANGMUIR (2020)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Ultrastretchable, Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Sedimented Liquid Metal Elastomer Composite

Chengfeng Pan et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Analytical

Biomedical Applications of Liquid Metal Nanoparticles: A Critical Review

Haiyue Li et al.

BIOSENSORS-BASEL (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Injectable Liquid Metal- and Methotrexate-Loaded Microsphere for Cancer Chemophotothermal Synergistic Therapy

Linlin Fan et al.

ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Liquid-Solid Mixtures of Ga Metal Infused with Cu Microparticles and Nanoparticles for Microscale and Nanoscale Patterning of Solid Metals at Room Temperature

Dishit P. Parekh et al.

ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Analytical

Liquid Metal Based Flexible and Implantable Biosensors

Mingkuan Zhang et al.

BIOSENSORS-BASEL (2020)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Liquid Metal Composites

Sen Chen et al.

MATTER (2020)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Photolithography-enabled direct patterning of liquid metals

Roozbeh Abbasi et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Liquid metal-filled magnetorheological elastomer with positive piezoconductivity

Guolin Yun et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Automatic Morphology Control of Liquid Metal using a Combined Electrochemical and Feedback Control Approach

Ming Li et al.

MICROMACHINES (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Highly Stretchable Liquid Metal Polymer as Reversible Transitional Insulator and Conductor

Hongzhang Wang et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2019)

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Article Physics, Applied

Fabricating transparent electrodes by combined electric-field-driven fusion direct printing and the liquid bridge transfer method

Xiaoyang Zhu et al.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS (2019)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Fabrication of large-area cylindrical microlens array based on electric-field-driven jet printing

Yujie Hu et al.

MICROSYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES-MICRO-AND NANOSYSTEMS-INFORMATION STORAGE AND PROCESSING SYSTEMS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Three-Dimensional, High-Resolution Printing of Carbon Nanotube/Liquid Metal Composites with Mechanical and Electrical Reinforcement

Young-Geun Park et al.

NANO LETTERS (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Temperature and oxygen adsorption coupling effects upon the surface tension of liquid metals

Aimen E. Gheribi et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2019)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Artificial Heart Based on Electrically Controlled Non-Toxic Liquid Metal Pump

Guangyong Li et al.

ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Fabrication of High-Performance Silver Mesh for Transparent Glass Heaters via Electric-Field-Driven Microscale 3D Printing and UV-Assisted Microtransfer

Xiaoyang Zhu et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Extremely stretchable and self-healing conductor based on thermoplastic elastomer for all-three-dimensional printed triboelectric nanogenerator

Kaushik Parida et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Stretchable and Transparent Kirigami Conductor of Nanowire Percolation Network for Electronic Skin Applications

Philip Won et al.

NANO LETTERS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Liquid-Gas Interfacial Chemistry of Gallium-Indium Eutectic in the Presence of Oxygen and Water Vapor

Meng Jia et al.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Flexible Loudspeaker Using the Movement of Liquid Metal Induced by Electrochemically Controlled Interfacial Tension

Sang Woo Jin et al.

SMALL (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Flexible Electronics: Stretchable Electrodes and Their Future

Siya Huang et al.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recent Advances in Transparent Electronics with Stretchable Forms

Kukjoo Kim et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Electric Actuation of Liquid Metal Droplets in Acidified Aqueous Electrolyte

Stephan Handschuh-Wang et al.

LANGMUIR (2019)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Study on the oxidation of copper nanowire network electrodes for skin mountable flexible, stretchable and wearable electronics applications

Insic Hong et al.

NANOTECHNOLOGY (2019)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Printable Liquid-Metal@PDMS Stretchable Heater with High Stretchability and Dynamic Stability for Wearable Thermotherapy

Yuxin Wang et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES (2019)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Magnetically- and Electrically-Controllable Functional Liquid Metal Droplets

Fangxia Li et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES (2019)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Magnetic Liquid Metals Manipulated in the Three-Dimensional Free Space

Liang Hu et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2019)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Large-Scale Fabrication of Highly Elastic Conductors on a Broad Range of Surfaces

Lixue Tang et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Versatile Approach for Direct Patterning of Liquid Metal Using Magnetic Field

Biao Ma et al.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2019)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

High Thermal Conductivity Silicone Elastomer Doped with Graphene Nanoplatelets and Eutectic GaIn Liquid Metal Alloy

Yasaman Sargolzaeiaval et al.

ECS JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Oxide rupture-induced conductivity in liquid metal nanoparticles by laser and thermal sintering

Shanliangzi Liu et al.

NANOSCALE (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Multifunctional and flexible ZrO2-coated EGaIn nanoparticles for photothermal therapy

Na Xia et al.

NANOSCALE (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Self-assembled ultrathin film of CNC/PVA-liquid metal composite as a multifunctional Janus material

Pengju Zhang et al.

MATERIALS HORIZONS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Control of Gallium Oxide Growth on Liquid Metal Eutectic Gallium/Indium Nanoparticles via Thiolation

Zachary J. Farrell et al.

LANGMUIR (2018)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Self-Growing and Serpentine Locomotion of Liquid Metal Induced by Copper Ions

Sen Chen et al.

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