On the semantics of (negated) approximative kaada in Classical Arabic: a case for embedded exhaustification

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it proposes a compositional semantic analysis for approximative kaada in Classical Arabic which has the property of being a clause-level rather than predicate-level operator: [KAADA alpha] is paraphrased as [alpha is false but there exists beta close to alpha such that beta is true]. The analysis is based on the integrated semantics of Penka (Penka, Doris. 2006. Almost there: The meaning of almost. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 10. 275-286) in which the negativity component of kaada is interpreted as part of its lexical meaning within a situation semantics framework. It also makes a novel use of the concept of semantic closeness among situations in terms of the intuitively appealing dimension of the relative completion of an event. Second, the paper presents and analyzes an instance of a puzzle noted by most descriptive Classical Arabic grammarians (see, for example, al-Ahmad, Ayman. 2021. Dalalit KAADA l-manfiah fi l-QurMODIFIER LETTER RIGHT HALF RINGaan l-kareem. Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Literature 9(2). 838-859) in which negated kaada has an interpretation where the negativity implication disappears altogether. The paper offers a solution to the puzzle based on a previous suggestion made by Kilbourn-Ceron (Kilbourn-Ceron, Oriana. 2016. Embedded exhaustification: Evidence from almost. Journal of Semantics 34(1). 43-60) in which an instance of embedded exhaustification appears to apply in approximatives in certain contexts in such a way that the negativity inference is obscured.

Automated summary

This paper proposes a compositional semantic analysis for approximative kaada in Classical Arabic, which is a clause-level operator. The analysis is based on Penka's integrated semantics framework and incorporates the concept of semantic closeness to interpret the negativity component of kaada. Additionally, the paper explores a puzzle where negated kaada loses its negativity implication in certain contexts, and offers a solution based on a previous suggestion of embedded exhaustification.