4.6 Article

Simulation of the prebreakdown processes in a cathode microprotrusion with the tip shape varying due to melting

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VACUUM
卷 220, 期 -, 页码 -

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PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112823

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Field electron emission; Cathode microprotrusion; Melting; Electrohydrodynamic instability; Vacuum breakdown

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A two-dimensional axisymmetric model has been developed to study the prebreakdown processes in a cathode microprotrusion under an external electric field. The simulation results show that electrohydrodynamic instability leads to the formation of a nanometer-sized conical protrusion on the microprotrusion tip, significantly accelerating the heating process.
A two-dimensional axisymmetric model of the prebreakdown processes that occur in a cathode microprotrusion exposed to an external dc electric field has been developed. The model assumes that the electrical breakdown of a vacuum gap occurs through the explosive emission mechanism. For the first time, the heating of a copper cathode microprotrusion has been simulated taking into account the variation in the shape of its tip after melting. The simulation was performed by solving numerically the Navier-Stokes equations for the melt, which was considered as a viscous incompressible fluid with a free surface immersed in an electric field strong enough for highcurrent electron emission from the surface to occur. It has been shown that the motion of the melt and the development of electrohydrodynamic instability on its surface result in the formation of a nanometer-sized conical protrusion on the microprotrusion tip. This significantly speeds up the heating of the microprotrusion by field emission current to the critical temperature.

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