4.5 Review

An update on the recent advances and discovery of novel tubulin colchicine binding inhibitors

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Discovery of dual tubulin-NEDDylation inhibitors with antiproliferative activity

Dong-Jun Fu et al.

Summary: In this study, a series of potential dual tubulin-NEDDylation inhibitors were synthesized and evaluated. Compound C11 exhibited the strongest antiproliferative activity and showed potent inhibition against tubulin and NEDDylation.

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Rebecca L. Siegel et al.

Summary: Each year, the American Cancer Society compiles data on cancer occurrence and outcomes in the United States. The latest data shows that breast and prostate cancer progress has stagnated, while lung cancer has shown improvements in survival rates. Lung cancer incidence for advanced disease has declined while localized-stage rates have increased, resulting in higher survival rates. Mortality patterns align with incidence trends, with lung cancer deaths declining rapidly, breast cancer deaths slowing, and prostate cancer deaths stabilizing.

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Recent Advances in Combretastatin A-4 Inspired Inhibitors of Tubulin Polymerization: An Update

Sultan Nacak Baytas

Summary: Cancer, a leading cause of fatality worldwide, is being extensively researched for therapeutic strategies. Advances in molecular sciences and high throughput techniques have identified microtubules as attractive targets for cancer therapy. The development of new microtubule-targeting agents, particularly analogues of combretastatin A-4, has been a focus of research since 2015.

CURRENT MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Identification and optimization of biphenyl derivatives as novel tubulin inhibitors targeting colchicine-binding site overcoming multidrug resistance

Bao Cheng et al.

Summary: In this study, a novel compound dxy-1-175 with potent anticancer activity was discovered by modifying the structure of the compound. It was found to inhibit cancer cell proliferation by interacting with tubulin and was able to overcome multidrug resistance. The improved compound 12e showed superior inhibitory effects on tumor growth in vivo.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel bis-substituted aromatic amide dithiocarbamate derivatives as colchicine site tubulin polymerization inhibitors with potent anticancer activities

Ya-Xin Sun et al.

Summary: This study designed a series of novel bis-substituted aromatic amide dithiocarbamate derivatives as tubulin inhibitors with potential anticancer activities. Among them, compound 20q exhibited the most potent antiproliferative activity and was identified as a tubulin inhibitor targeting the colchicine binding site.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indole derivatives as potential anticancer agents and tubulin polymerization inhibitors

Guangcheng Wang et al.

Summary: A series of new 2-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-proliferative activities, with one compound showing the most potent anticancer activity against breast cancer and lung cancer cells while sparing normal liver cells. Mechanism studies revealed that the compound arrested cell cycle and induced apoptosis, and effectively inhibited tubulin polymerization with an inhibitory mechanism similar to colchicine. Molecular docking studies indicated high binding affinities for the colchicine binding pocket of tubulin, suggesting potential as new tubulin polymerization inhibitors.

ARABIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY (2022)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of colchicine glycoconjugates as tubulin polymerization inhibitors

Zhan Wang et al.

Summary: A series of new colchicine glycoconjugates were designed as tubulin polymerization inhibitors and their antiproliferative activities were evaluated. Among them, compound 1e exhibited excellent selectivity and low cytotoxicity. Moreover, it significantly inhibited tubulin polymerization and disrupted microtubule networks.

BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Design, synthesis, biological assessment, and in-Silico studies of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors

Heba S. Mohamed et al.

Summary: A series of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-alpha]pyrimidine derivatives were designed and synthesized as combretastatin CA-4 analogs. Among them, compound 4c showed significant anticancer and tubulin polymerization inhibition activities, presenting a promising lead compound for further development.

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Yan-Bo Zheng et al.

Summary: IMB5476, a novel nitrobenzoate microtubule inhibitor, exhibits increased aqueous solubility. It disrupts microtubule networks in cells, causing cell cycle arrest and inducing cell death through mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis. IMB5476 also inhibits angiogenesis and overcomes multidrug resistance.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2022)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

SAR of Novel 3-Arylisoquinolinones: meta-Substitution on the Aryl Ring Dramatically Enhances Antiproliferative Activity through Binding to Microtubules

Mai A. Elhemely et al.

Summary: A set of meta-substituted 3-arylisoquinolinones with substantial cytotoxicity in various cancer cell lines has been discovered. These compounds have the potential to mimic colchicine and interact with microtubules, leading to antiproliferative effects and inhibition of endothelial cell formation.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Design and synthesis of novel substituted indole-acrylamide derivatives and evaluation of their anti-cancer activity as potential tubulin-targeting agents

Mohammed Hawash et al.

Summary: In this study, novel compounds with polar and nonpolar substitutions on the prop-2-en-1-on linker of the trans-indol-3-ylacrylamide scaffold were designed and synthesized. The antiproliferative activities of these compounds against hepatocellular carcinoma were evaluated, and five of the compounds showed moderate antitumor activities. Compound 13 was identified as a tubulin polymerization inhibitor and induced G2/M-phase arrest in Huh7 cells. The results suggest that polar substitutions enhance the potency against tubulin polymerization.

JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE (2022)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel diphenylamine derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors targeting the colchicine binding site

Xiang-Yu Yan et al.

Summary: A series of novel diphenylamine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-proliferative activities against human cancer cell lines. Among them, compound 5f exhibited promising anti-proliferative activity against HT29 cells and showed inhibitory effects on cancer cell migration, colony formation, and angiogenesis. Further studies revealed that compound 5f inhibited tubulin polymerization, arrested HT29 cell cycle, induced cell apoptosis, and inhibited tumor growth in animal models. The compound also demonstrated good pharmacokinetic properties. These findings suggest that compound 5f has potential as an antitumor candidate and warrants further investigation.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Discovery of a Novel Vascular Disrupting Agent Inhibiting Tubulin Polymerization and HDACs with Potent Antitumor Effects

Huajian Zhu et al.

Summary: A series of novel multifunctional vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) was designed and synthesized, among which compound TH-6 showed the most potent antiproliferative activity against a panel of cancer cell lines. TH-6 inhibited tubulin assembly and increased the acetylation level of HDAC substrate proteins, leading to effective tumor growth inhibition without apparent toxicity. Furthermore, TH-6 disrupted both the internal and peripheral tumor vasculatures, contributing to persistent tumor inhibitory effects. Therefore, TH-6 deserves further investigation for its potential as a new approach in clinical cancer therapy.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Recent Advances of Tubulin Inhibitors Targeting the Colchicine Binding Site for Cancer Therapy

Mohammed Hawash

Summary: Cancer is a leading cause of death globally, and despite advancements in discovering new anti-cancer candidates, it continues to result in numerous deaths. Tubulin protein, which plays a critical role in cell division and intracellular transportation, has become one of the main targets for anti-cancer agents. Inhibiting microtubule formation by targeting tubulin protein can induce cell death. Recent studies have focused on designing and synthesizing novel compounds that target tubulin and have demonstrated anticancer activity against various cancer cell lines. Tubulin inhibitors have shown promising results in inhibiting cancer cell viability, inducing apoptosis, and effectively binding with the colchicine binding site of tubulin.

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Anticancer Activity of Thiophene Carboxamide Derivatives as CA-4 Biomimetics: Synthesis, Biological Potency, 3D Spheroid Model, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Mohammed Hawash et al.

Summary: This study synthesized thiophene carboxamide derivatives as biomimetics of the anticancer medication Combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) and compared their similarity in polar surface area (PSA) to CA-4. The results showed that most of the synthesized structures had biomimetic PSA to CA-4 and exhibited similar chemical and biological properties against Hep3B cancer cell line. Compounds 2b and 2e in the synthesized series showed the highest activity against Hep3B, and they had comparable interaction patterns to CA-4 and colchicine within the tubulin-colchicine-binding pocket.

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Design, synthesis and bioevaluation of 2,7-diaryl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines as tubulin polymerization inhibitors

Runlai Liu et al.

Summary: The newly designed compound 6d showed significant antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cancer cells, inhibiting cancer cell growth and migration through multiple pathways.

BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Cyclic bridged analogs of isoCA-4: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation

Shannon Pecnard et al.

Summary: A series of cyclic bridged analogs of isocombretastatin A-4 with compound 42 showed high antiproliferative activity against a panel of cancer cell lines, as well as strong activity against colon-carcinoma cells and MDR1-overexpressing K562R cell line. Compound 42 also effectively inhibited tubulin polymerization, induced cell cycle arrest, and caused caspase-induced apoptosis in K562 cells. Additionally, compound 42 was significantly less cytotoxic in non-cancer cells compared to isoCA-4.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of indole-based [1,2,4] triazolo[4,3-a] pyridine derivatives as novel microtubule polymerization inhibitors

Cheng-Jun Wu et al.

Summary: A series of novel microtubulin polymerization inhibitors based on indole were designed and synthesized, among which compound 12d exhibited the highest antiproliferative activity by inducing cellular apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and inhibiting tubulin polymerization.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of tanshinone IIA-based analogues: Potent inhibitors of microtubule formation and angiogenesis

He Huang et al.

Summary: The structural optimization of tanshinone IIA led to the discovery of a new analogue, 2f, with potent anti-cancer properties, including inhibition of tubulin assembly, induction of apoptotic cell death, and suppression of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Additionally, 2f exhibited promising in vivo anti-angiogenic effects.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Identification of new 3-phenyl-1H-indole-2-carbohydrazide derivatives and their structure-activity relationships as potent tubulin inhibitors and anticancer agents: A combined in silico, in vitro and synthetic study

Rungroj Saruengkhanphasit et al.

Summary: Utilizing three different virtual screening techniques, eight new derivatives of 3-phenyl-1H-indole-2-carbohydrazide with antiproliferative activities were identified; among them, 27a exhibited the most potent tubulin inhibitory activity and induced G2/M phase arrest. Derivatives 27b, 27d, and 27i showed strong activities against various cell lines, with bromine substitution at R1 position demonstrating the most prominent anticancer effects.

BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Structure-activity relationships and antiproliferative effects of 1,2,3,4-4H-quinoxaline derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors

Tingting Liang et al.

Summary: Colchicine binding site inhibitors have great potential for treating tumors. Tetrahydro-quinoxaline derivatives designed in this study showed promising antitumor activities, with compound 11a being the most potent candidate.

BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Oncology

Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

Hyuna Sung et al.

Summary: The global cancer burden in 2020 saw an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths. Female breast cancer surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, while lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death. These trends are expected to rise in 2040, with transitioning countries experiencing a larger increase compared to transitioned countries due to demographic changes and risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to improve cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries will be crucial for global cancer control.

CA-A CANCER JOURNAL FOR CLINICIANS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Discovery of novel indole-1,2,4-triazole derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors

Meng-Ke Wu et al.

Summary: A series of novel indole-1,2,4-triazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their potential as tubulin polymerization inhibitors, with compound 12 demonstrating significant anti-proliferative activity in vitro. It arrested cell cycle at the G2/M phase, induced apoptotic cell death, and showed possible interaction with tubulin heterodimers, suggesting potential for future cancer research.

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Discovery of novel N-benzylbenzamide derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors with potent antitumor activities

Huajian Zhu et al.

Summary: Novel N-benzylbenzamide derivatives 20b and its corresponding disodium phosphate 20b-P show significant anti-cancer activity with excellent safety profile, making them promising anti-tubulin agents for further investigation in cancer therapy.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Discovery of Novel Benzimidazole and Indazole Analogues as Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors with Potent Anticancer Activities

Yichang Ren et al.

Summary: Novel indazole and benzimidazole analogues, such as compound 12b, demonstrated potent antiproliferative activities against cancer cells, with IC50 values comparable to colchicine. Compound 12b also showed in vivo antitumor efficacy in a melanoma tumor model, suggesting its potential as a promising lead compound for further investigation as a potential anticancer agent.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel acridine and quinoline derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors with anticancer activities

Yichang Ren et al.

Summary: Compound 3b, designed as a tubulin inhibitor targeting the colchicine binding site, showed high antiproliferative activity against HepG-2 cells, with the ability to suppress microtubule polymerization, disrupt dynamics, inhibit cancer cell migration, induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Docking studies indicated its potential as a novel tubulin inhibitor deserving further investigation.

BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Discovery of indoline derivatives as anticancer agents via inhibition of tubulin polymerization

Shu-Yu Wang et al.

Summary: In this study, indoline derivatives were designed, synthesized, and found to exhibit potent antiproliferative activity against various cell lines, with compound 9d identified as a tubulin inhibitor targeting the colchicine binding site. Molecular docking results confirmed the tight binding of compound 9d to the tubulin site, indicating its potential as a novel tubulin inhibitor with anticancer activity.

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Pyrazoline derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors with one hit for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 inhibition

Bing Yang et al.

Summary: In this study, a series of pyrazoline derivatives bearing 3,4,5-trimethoxy phenyl and thiophene moieties were synthesized and evaluated as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. The top hit compound, 3q, showed potent anti-proliferation activity on cancer cell lines and comparable efficacy with less toxicity than the positive control Colchicine. Further investigations indicated the potential for improving tubulin polymerization inhibition and introducing VEGFR2 inhibition through ring transposition.

BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Design and discovery of new antiproliferative 1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-ones as tubulin polymerization inhibitors targeting colchicine binding site

Ibrahim H. Eissa et al.

Summary: Thirty-five new colchicine binding site inhibitors were designed and synthesized based on the 1,2,4-triazin3(2H)-one nucleus. Two compounds showed significant antiproliferative effects against three human cancer cell lines, and further investigation revealed their potential as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. The synthesized compounds demonstrated selectivity against cancer cells and upregulated levels of active caspase-3 and pro-apoptotic protein Bax, suggesting their potential as anti-cancer agents. Additionally, in silico studies showed promising interactions with the colchicine binding site and favorable pharmacokinetic properties.

BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Discovery of highly potent tubulin polymerization inhibitors: Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of novel 2,7-diaryl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines

Xian-Sen Huo et al.

Summary: The novel 2,7-diaryl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives showed great potential as tubulin polymerization inhibitors, with high antiproliferative activity and selectivity against cancer cells. These compounds inhibit tumor cell growth by affecting the cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting tubulin polymerization.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Stable Colchicine-Binding Site Tubulin Inhibitors 6-Aryl-2-benzoyl-pyridines as Potential Anticancer Agents

Hao Chen et al.

Summary: The study optimized the structure of a potent tubulin inhibitor, leading to the synthesis of analogues with improved metabolic stability. High-resolution X-ray crystal structures confirmed direct binding of two compounds to tubulin. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated the efficacy of one compound, 60c, as a potential anticancer agent.

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Discovery of Novel Anti-Breast-Cancer Inhibitors by Synergistically Antagonizing Microtubule Polymerization and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Expression

Kun Wang et al.

Summary: Compound 12, a novel dual-receptor inhibitor targeting both tubulin and AhR, showed strong anti-breast-cancer activity with potent inhibition of tumor growth in cell lines and xenograft models, as well as inducing apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Its ability to synergistically antagonize tubulin and AhR makes it a promising candidate for further development as an effective and safe anti-breast-cancer drug.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Recent Progress on Tubulin Inhibitors with Dual Targeting Capabilities for Cancer Therapy

Wen Shuai et al.

Summary: Microtubules are crucial in cellular functions and important targets for cancer therapy, but drug resistance and toxicity limit their efficacy. Dual-target drugs, combining tubulin with other anti-tumor agents, are considered promising to overcome limitations and improve therapeutic efficacy. Rational target combinations and design strategies of dual-target tubulin inhibitors are discussed for future directions.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Discovery of Novel Diarylamide N-Containing Heterocyclic Derivatives as New Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors with Anti-Cancer Activity

Xu Liu et al.

Summary: Through the design and synthesis of a series of N-containing heterocyclic derivatives, a novel tubulin polymerization inhibitor with potential anti-tumor activity was identified, which could achieve its anti-cancer activity by inhibiting tubulin polymerization and disrupting microtubule networks.

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Fluorinated derivatives of 2-phenyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolinone as tubulin polymerization inhibitors

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Design, synthesis and anticancer properties of isocombretapyridines as potent colchicine binding site inhibitors

Wen Shuai et al.

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Huajian Zhu et al.

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Wenlong Li et al.

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Ilhem Khelifi et al.

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Junhang Jiang et al.

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New 6-and 7-heterocyclyl-1H-indole derivatives as potent tubulin assembly and cancer cell growth inhibitors

Giuseppe La Regina et al.

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