Nonequilibrium thermodynamics in cavity optomechanics

Classical thermodynamics has been a great achievement in dealing with systems that are in equilibrium or near equilibrium. As an emerging field, nonequilibrium thermodynamics provides a general framework for under-standing the nonequilibrium processes, particularly in small systems that are typically far-from-equilibrium and are dominated by thermal or quantum fluctuations. Cavity optomechanical systems hold great promise among the various experimental platforms for studying nonequilibrium thermodynamics owing to their high controlla-bility, excellent mechanical performance, and ability to operate deep in the quantum regime. Here, we present an overview of the recent advances in nonequilibrium thermodynamics with cavity optomechanical systems. The experimental results in entropy production assessment, fluctuation theorems, heat transfer, and heat engines are highlighted.

Automated summary

Classical thermodynamics deals with systems in equilibrium or near equilibrium, while nonequilibrium thermodynamics provides a general framework for understanding nonequilibrium processes, especially in small systems that are far-from-equilibrium and dominated by thermal or quantum fluctuations. Cavity optomechanical systems have great potential for studying nonequilibrium thermodynamics due to their high controllability, excellent mechanical performance, and ability to operate in the quantum regime. This article provides an overview of recent advancements in nonequilibrium thermodynamics with cavity optomechanical systems, focusing on experimental results in entropy production assessment, fluctuation theorems, heat transfer, and heat engines.