Maternal chewing alleviates prenatal stress-related neuroinflammation mediated by microglia in the hippocampus of the mouse offspring

Purpose: Prenatal stress affects the hippocampal structure and function in pups. Maternal chewing ameliorates hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairments induced by prenatal stress. In this study, we investigated hippocampal microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in pups of dams exposed to prenatal stress with or without chewing during gestation.Methods: Pregnant mice were randomly assigned to control, stress, and stress/chewing groups. Stress and stress/chewing animals were subjected to restraint stress for 45 min three times daily from gestation day 12 to parturition, and were given a wooden stick to chew during the stress period. Four-month-old male pups were intraperitoneally administered with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Serum corticosterone levels were determined 24 h after administration. The expression levels of hippocampal inflammatory cytokines were measured, and the microglia were analyzed morphologically. Results: Prenatal stress increased serum corticosterone levels, induced hippocampal microglia priming, and facilitated the release of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the offspring. LPS treatment significantly increased the effects of prenatal stress on serum corticosterone levels, hippocampal microglial activation, and hippocampal neuroinflammation. Maternal chewing significantly inhibited the increase in serum corticosterone levels, suppressed microglial overactivation, and normalized inflammatory cytokine levels under basal prenatal stress conditions as well as after LPS administration.Conclusions: Our findings indicate that maternal chewing can alleviate the increase in corticosterone levels and inhibit hippocampal microglia-mediated neuroinflammation induced by LPS administration and prenatal stress in adult offspring.

Automated summary

This study investigated the effects of prenatal stress on hippocampal microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in mice offspring. Results showed that prenatal stress increased serum corticosterone levels, induced hippocampal microglial activation, and facilitated the release of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Moreover, maternal chewing effectively suppressed the increase in corticosterone levels, inhibited excessive microglial activation, and normalized inflammatory cytokine levels under prenatal stress conditions and after LPS administration.