Mouse models of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and macrophage activation syndrome

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening complication of pediatric rheumatic diseases, occurring most commonly in children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA). Despite several classes of currently available treatment options for SJIA, including biologic agents targeting IL-1 or IL-6, there remain severe cases suffering from refractory disease and recurrent MAS. The phenotype of MAS is similar to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), but the underlying pathophysiology of MAS complicating SJIA or other disorders has not been fully clarified. These facts make it challenging to develop and utilize animal models to study MAS. To date, there is no perfect model replicating MAS, but several models do demonstrate aspects of SJIA and/or MAS. In this review, we examine the proposed animal models of SJIA and MAS, focusing on how they reflect these disorders, what we have learned from the models, and potential future research questions. As we better understand the key features of each, animal models can be powerful tools to further define the pathophysiology of SJIA and MAS, and develop new treatment targets and strategies.

Automated summary

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening complication that occurs most commonly in children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA). The underlying pathophysiology of MAS complicating SJIA or other disorders remains unclear, making it challenging to develop and utilize animal models to study MAS. This review examines the proposed animal models of SJIA and MAS, highlighting their reflection of the disorders and their potential for further research.