☆ 4.8 Review

Salt-thermal methods for recycling and regenerating spent lithium-ion batteries: a review

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2023)

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Summary: This study investigates the gas species generated during the mechanical and thermal treatments of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIB). Higher process temperatures lead to increased concentration or volume of the formed gases. The gas species generated slightly differ depending on the cell type at lower temperatures, but become analogous at higher temperatures. The formation of these gas species involves electrolyte volatilization, electrolyte degradation/decomposition, and pyrolysis of the organic separator and binder.

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Xianfeng Hu et al.

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Synergic Mechanisms on Carbon and Sulfur during the Selective Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Ping Xu et al.

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Summary: This research found that the spent Li-ion battery cathode (BC) displayed excellent catalytic effects in biomass pyrolysis, particularly when added using the two-step method. The two-step method significantly reduced the decomposition temperature and activation energy, positively impacting the conversion products of biomass.

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Novel targetedly extracting lithium: An environmental-friendly controlled chlorinating technology and mechanism of spent lithium ion batteries recovery

Jiefeng Xiao et al.

Summary: This paper developed a targeted extraction technology for recycling lithium from spent LTMO batteries, achieving selective extraction of lithium by controlling the reducing driving force during the chlorinating process, leading to a high extraction rate and good selectivity. The mechanism proposed in the study provides insights for metal selective extraction fields.

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Towards a low-carbon society: A review of lithium resource availability, challenges and innovations in mining, extraction and recycling, and future perspectives

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Summary: The demand for lithium has surged due to international treaties promoting renewable energy integration. Majority of lithium is used for LIBs, driving a significant market growth. The article discusses global lithium resources and supply-demand dynamics, explores challenges and innovations, and investigates unconventional lithium sources.

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Thermochemically driven crystal phase transfer via chlorination roasting toward the selective extraction of lithium from spent LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2

Yong Huang et al.

Summary: Thermochemically driven process allows for selective extraction of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries, controlling chlorination behavior through chlorinated roasting, selecting customized chloride salts, achieving acid-free lithium extraction, and reducing negative environmental impact.

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A sustainable process for selective recovery of lithium as lithium phosphate from spent LiFePO4 batteries

Harshit Mahandra et al.

Summary: This study presents a novel method for the treatment of cathode powder of spent LiFePO4 batteries, which involves selective leaching of lithium and precipitation of Li3PO4. The developed scheme has been proven suitable for industrial application with economic and environmental benefits. Green chemistry metrics and revenue analysis demonstrate that the process is green, sustainable, and economical.

RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING (2021)

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Bioprocessing of spent lithium ion batteries for critical metals recovery - A review

Manivannan Sethurajan et al.

Summary: The increasing demand for metals and the depletion of primary metallic resources pose significant environmental and societal challenges. Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is increasing globally, with end-of-life electronic wastes containing valuable metals and harmful substances. Proper management and recycling of spent Li ion batteries is crucial to address environmental complications and promote sustainable resource management. Microbial technologies show promise in removing metal ions from WEEE with less cost and no addition of toxic chemicals, making them environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional methods. Biohydrometallurgy practices for leaching critical metals from waste lithium ion batteries and biotechnological methods for recovering these metals from aqueous streams are important areas of research in this field.

RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Applied

Molten salt synthesis of porous carbon and its application in supercapacitors: A review

Zhongya Pang et al.

Summary: Carbon materials play an important role in supercapacitor applications due to their large surface area, low price, and stable physicochemical properties. Novel synthesis strategies for porous carbon materials have been developed, with molten salt strategy showing great potential. The review focuses on various molten salt synthesis strategies and their applications in producing carbon materials with tailored properties for supercapacitors, discussing reaction mechanisms, recent advances, and challenges in the field.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Electric field driven de-lithiation: A strategy towards comprehensive and efficient recycling of electrode materials from spent lithium ion batteries

Hong Lv et al.

Summary: This study presents a green and comprehensive recycling method based on DC electric field driven de-lithiation, which can effectively recover lithium ions with simultaneous H-2 production. The de-lithiated electrode materials exhibit remarkable electrocatalytic activity and can be applied in the oxygen evolution reaction.

APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Epitaxial Regeneration of Spent Graphite Anode Material by an Ecofriendly In-Depth Purification Route

Haoran Da et al.

Summary: This study proposes a novel in-depth purification process to eliminate impurities in graphite, as well as effectively removing residual impurities through alkali roasting treatment. In situ TEM investigation reveals the graphitization and construction of Li+ transport channels during the regeneration process. The optimized purification and regeneration treatments demonstrate promising recycling of spent graphite anodes.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

In Situ Recombination of Elements in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries to Recover High-Value γ-LiAlO2 and LiAl5O8

Zhe Huang et al.

Summary: This study introduces a new method to recover valuable materials from spent lithium-ion batteries through in situ recombination, which is more cost-effective and environmentally friendly. It also provides new insights into the recovery of high-value products from multi-element mixed wastes.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Editorial Material Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Li-ion battery recycling challenges

Xiaotu Ma et al.

Summary: Given the increasing electrification of vehicles and the mass generation of spent lithium-ion batteries, recycling of LIBs is crucial. However, industrial-level recycling is challenging due to various factors that make large-scale recycling difficult while maintaining economic viability. Addressing these challenges and providing guidance towards solutions and future work is essential.

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Study of reaction characteristics and controlling mechanism of chlorinating conversion of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries

Jiefeng Xiao et al.

Summary: Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has attracted attention due to its benefits to environment protection and sustainable development. Chlorinating technology has been proven to be an efficient method for metals extraction from cathode materials of LIBs. By studying the mechanism and reaction controlling mechanisms of chlorination conversion, insights were gained for studying gas-solid reactions.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2021)

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An effective process for the recovery of valuable metals from cathode material of lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical reduction

Junying Xie et al.

Summary: A mechanochemical reduction technique using Zinc powder as a co-grinding reagent was proposed in this research to improve the recovery of valuable metals from cathode materials of waste LIBs. The crystal structure of cathode materials gradually shifted to an amorphous state with an increase in ball milling speed and time, facilitating the leaching process. The activation energies of Ni and Co decreased significantly under the optimum conditions, leading to higher leaching rates of Li, Ni, Co, and Mn. This research presents an efficient and feasible approach for recovering valuable metals from waste LIBs.

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Converting spent lithium cobalt oxide battery cathode materials into high-value products via a mechanochemical extraction and thermal reduction route

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Summary: This study combines mechanochemistry and high-temperature thermal reduction to recover valuable metals from spent LIBs. By destroying the crystal structure of lithium cobalt oxide under mechanical force and using high-temperature heat treatment, the study successfully converts LiCoO2 into high-value products.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Beth E. Murdock et al.

Summary: The rise of electric vehicles has highlighted the importance of lithium-ion batteries as a vital green technology, but the large-scale mining for battery materials raises concerns regarding resource depletion and environmental, social, and governance issues. Insufficient research has been conducted on the socioenvironmental impacts of lithium-ion battery technology in the past, and the potential implications of increased nickel use in material management and development disciplines also lack attention.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2021)

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Reductive Thermal Treatment of LiCoO2 from End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries with Hydrogen

Haruka Pinegar et al.

Summary: The reductive thermal treatment of lithium-ion battery cathode material using hydrogen is an environmentally friendly recycling process. The process can effectively reduce LiCoO2 to Li compounds and Co at lower temperatures and with lower activation energy compared to carbothermal reduction, and the separated compounds can be obtained through water leaching and wet-magnetic separation.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Ammonia Reduction System for the Diversity of Cathode Processing of Li-Ion Batteries

Jiefeng Xiao et al.

Summary: This study introduces a novel approach utilizing the ammonia reduction system to process spent Li-ion batteries, achieving both down-cycle and up-cycle processing of the cathode components. The down-cycling aspect focuses on effectively recovering metal resources to meet the increasing demand for battery production, while the up-cycling aspect involves converting spent cathodes into value-added materials to support future advancements in battery recycling diversity.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recycling Cathodes from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on the Selective Extraction of Lithium

Xing Shen et al.

Summary: This study introduces a novel metal-based strategy to selectively leach lithium from different types of lithium-ion battery cathodes, achieving over 95% lithium leaching rates and regenerating particles with decent electrochemical performance.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Thermal analysis of lithium ion battery cathode materials for the development of a novel pyrometallurgical recycling approach

Stefan Windisch-Kern et al.

Summary: By expanding previous experiments with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), researchers investigate the reactions of cathode materials under high temperature reducing conditions. It was found that reduction reactions of cathode materials start at approximately 1000°C, which is beneficial for the recycling process. Further analysis is needed to clarify the changes in material before the reduction starts and to complete the thermal characterization of the cathode materials.

CARBON RESOURCES CONVERSION (2021)

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Review Engineering, Environmental

Pyrometallurgical Technology in the Recycling of a Spent Lithium Ion Battery: Evolution and the Challenge

Mingxian Zhou et al.

Summary: The rapid growth of the electric vehicle industry has led to a flourishing market for lithium ion batteries, but the large number of spent lithium ion batteries (SLIBs) that follow may pose environmental challenges. Pyrometallurgical technology, with its low raw material requirements and minimal waste production, is well-suited for large-scale industrial recycling of SLIBs. This article reviews the development of pyrometallurgical technologies for processing key components of SLIBs and discusses the potential for high-value utilization and overall resource recovery in the future.

ACS ES&T ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A vapor thermal approach to selective recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Xin Qu et al.

Summary: The study introduces a vapor thermal reduction approach to convert lithium transition metal oxides to water-insoluble TMOs and water-soluble Li salts, reducing water and chemical usage significantly. The method achieves selective extraction and high extraction efficiency for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries, providing a green solution for separation of value metals from various feedstocks.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A lithium-ion battery recycling technology based on a controllable product morphology and excellent performance

Jiao Lin et al.

Summary: A technology for transforming LIBs with controlled product morphology and excellent performance has been introduced, based on the aging mechanisms of scrap cathode materials. The utilization of failed materials through high temperature conversion results in nano-octahedral Co3O4 with outstanding cyclability and rate capacity. Additionally, the recycled materials can be further converted to LiCoO2 with improved electrochemical performance. The research highlights the economically affordable, efficient, and environmentally benign nature of the recycling process, with a utilization rate of main atoms reaching 100%.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Lithium ion battery recycling using high-intensity ultrasonication

Chunhong Lei et al.

Summary: Decarbonisation of energy will heavily rely on lithium ion batteries for automotive transportation, creating a need for efficient recycling processes. This study introduces a rapid delamination method using high powered ultrasound, which significantly increases material processing efficiency and purity for potential recycling into new electrodes.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Increased residual lithium compounds guided design for green recycling of spent lithium-ion cathodes

Min Fan et al.

Summary: This study conducted comprehensive research on the microstructural evolution of degraded LiNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2 electrodes to propose a targeted method for recycling spent cathode materials based on increased residual lithium compounds. The separation process using only water eliminates the need for toxic organic solvents, complicated processes, and waste treatment, making it an environmentally friendly and efficient recycling strategy. The satisfactory capacity recovery of the cathode through simple sintering provides a sustainable closed-loop for spent cathodes and offers new inspiration for the design of lithium-ion battery recycling.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Review Energy & Fuels

The rise of electric vehicles-2020 status and future expectations

Matteo Muratori et al.

Summary: Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained popularity in recent years due to matured technology, reduced costs, and increased support for clean transportation. A substantial body of literature has explored the role of EVs in transportation and energy systems. This comprehensive review provides insights into various aspects of EVs and their future projections.

PROGRESS IN ENERGY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Selective extraction of lithium from a spent lithium iron phosphate battery by mechanochemical solid-phase oxidation

Kang Liu et al.

Summary: This study presents a green process for the selective and rapid extraction of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries via mechanochemical solid-phase oxidation. The designed process is acid/base free, has an extremely short time, wastewater-free discharge, and high economic profit. The results show that mechanochemical solid-phase oxidation can selectively release lithium from LiFePO4, providing a new approach to the recovery of lithium.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Sodium transition metal oxides: the preferred cathode choice for future sodium-ion batteries?

Qiannan Liu et al.

Summary: The exploration of next-generation sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) aims to replace lithium-ion batteries and address the depletion of lithium resources. Sodium transition metal oxides are considered promising cathode materials with anionic redox activity. Research on anionic redox in Li-rich transition metal oxides provides insight into high-capacity cathode materials for SIBs, with challenges and strategies discussed. It is expected that this work will provide new perspectives on controlling anionic redox activity and finding novel high-capacity oxide cathode materials for SIBs.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Advances in the Cathode Materials for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries

Wontae Lee et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2020)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Cleaner recycling of cathode material by in-situ thermite reduction

Wenqiang Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Silicon Electrochemistry in Molten Salts

Eimutis Juzeliunas et al.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Sustainable Recycling Technology for Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond: Challenges and Future Prospects

Ersha Fan et al.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2020)

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Review Engineering, Environmental

Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation: Critical Assessment of Opportunities and Roadblocks

Jaesang Lee et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Perspectives on Cobalt Supply through 2030 in the Face of Changing Demand

Xinkai Fu et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Lithium leaching via calcium chloride roasting from simulated pyrometallurgical slag of spent lithium ion battery

Hui Dang et al.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Reduction-ammoniacal leaching to recycle lithium, cobalt, and nickel from spent lithium-ion batteries with a hydrothermal method: Effect of reductants and ammonium salts

Shubin Wang et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Conversion Mechanisms of Selective Extraction of Lithium from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries by Sulfation Roasting

Jiao Lin et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Chemical and Structural Evolution during the Synthesis of Layered Li(Ni,Co,Mn)O2 Oxides

Weibo Hua et al.

CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Efficient process for recovery of waste LiMn2O4 cathode material: Low-temperature (NH4)2SO4 calcination mechanisms and water-leaching characteristics

Shichao He et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2020)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Efficient process for recovery of waste LiMn2O4 cathode material precipitation thermodynamic analysis and separation experiments

Shichao He et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Graphite Recycling from the Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries by Sulfuric Acid Curing-Leaching Combined with High-Temperature Calcination

Yang Gao et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recovery of LiCoO2 from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries through a Low-Temperature Ammonium Chloride Roasting Approach: Thermodynamics and Reaction Mechanisms

Xin Qu et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2020)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Novel approach for metal separation from spent lithium ion batteries based on dry-phase conversion

Jiefeng Xiao et al.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2020)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Forecasting the trajectory of electric vehicle sales and the consequences for worldwide CO2 emissions

Nele Rietmann et al.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2020)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) assisted leaching of lithium and cobalt from spent lithium-ion battery in subcritical water

Theoneste Nshizirungu et al.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Operando Identification of the Dynamic Behavior of Oxygen Vacancy-Rich Co3O4 for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Zhaohui Xiao et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2020)

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Review Engineering, Chemical

Mechanism and application of the ore with chlorination treatment: A review

Zhenxing Xing et al.

MINERALS ENGINEERING (2020)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Clean and efficient recovery of spent LiCoO2 cathode material: Water-leaching characteristics and low-temperature ammonium sulfate calcination mechanisms

Shichao He et al.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2020)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Microwave Pyrolysis of Macadamia Shells for Efficiently Recycling Lithium from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries

Yunze Zhao et al.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Theoretical-molar Fe3+ recovering lithium from spent LiFePO4 batteries: an acid-free, efficient, and selective process

Yang Dai et al.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Rapid leaching and recovery of valuable metals from spent Lithium Ion batteries (LIBs) via environmentally benign subcritical nickel-containing water over chlorinated polyvinyl chloride

Theoneste Nshizirungu et al.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Probing solid-state reaction through microstrain: A case study on synthesis of LiCoO2

Jihyeon Gim et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Recovery and regeneration of lithium cobalt oxide from spent lithium-ion batteries through a low-temperature ammonium sulfate roasting approach

Yiqi Tang et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Sustainable and Facile Process for Lithium Recovery from Spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 Cathode Materials via Selective Sulfation with Ammonium Sulfate

Cheng Yang et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Direct Recovery and Efficient Reutilization of Degraded Ternary Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via a Homogeneous Thermochemical Process

Bowen Deng et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2020)

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Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

Oxidizing Roasting Behavior and Leaching Performance for the Recovery of Spent LiFePO4 Batteries

Yafei Jie et al.

MINERALS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Reversible planar gliding and microcracking in a single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode

Yujing Bi et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Direct Regeneration of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Cathode from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries by the Molten Salts Method

Guanghui Jiang et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing

Panpan Xu et al.

JOULE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A paired electrolysis approach for recycling spent lithium iron phosphate batteries in an undivided molten salt cell

Beilei Zhang et al.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Thermodynamics

Critical materials in global low-carbon energy scenarios: The case for neodymium, dysprosium, lithium, and cobalt

Tobias Junne et al.

ENERGY (2020)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Pyrolysis kinetics and reaction mechanism of the electrode materials during the spent LiCoO2 batteries recovery process

Jun Li et al.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

One-pot compositional and structural regeneration of degraded LiCoO2for directly reusing it as a high-performance lithium-ion battery cathode

Juan Yang et al.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Oxygen Defects in Promoting the Electrochemical Performance of Metal Oxides for Supercapacitors: Recent Advances and Challenges

Xiyue Zhang et al.

SMALL METHODS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Selective extraction of lithium (Li) and preparation of battery grade lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) from spent Li-ion batteries in nitrate system

Chao Peng et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Sustainable and Facile Method for the Selective Recovery of Lithium from Cathode Scrap of Spent LiFePO4 Batteries

Jialiang Zhang et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Ambient-Pressure Relithiation of Degraded LixNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (0 < x < 1) via Eutectic Solutions for Direct Regeneration of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes

Yang Shi et al.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Efficient Separation of Aluminum Foil and Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using a Low-Temperature Molten Salt

Mengmeng Wang et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Ni/Li Disordering in Layered Transition Metal Oxide: Electrochemical Impact, Origin, and Control

Jiaxin Zheng et al.

ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Facile, Environmentally Friendly, and Low-Temperature Approach for Decomposition of Polyvinylidene Fluoride from the Cathode Electrode of Spent Lithium-ion Batteries

Mengmeng Wang et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Green Electrochemical Process to Recover Co and Li from Spent LiCoO2-Based Batteries in Molten Salts

Beilei Zhang et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Chemical Transformations in Li-Ion Battery Electrode Materials by Carbothermic Reduction

Gabriele Lombardo et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2019)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Acid-Free and Selective Extraction of Lithium from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries via a Mechanochemically Induced Isomorphic Substitution

Kang Liu et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2019)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in view of lithium recovery: A critical review

Chunwei Liu et al.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2019)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Recovery and regeneration of LiCoO2-based spent lithium-ion batteries by a carbothermic reduction vacuum pyrolysis approach: Controlling the recovery of CoO or Co

Yiqi Tang et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Low-Temperature Molten-Salt-Assisted Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Ersha Fan et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Alkali Metal Salt Catalyzed Carbothermic Reduction for Sustainable Recovery of LiCoO2: Accurately Controlled Reduction and Efficient Water Leaching

Wenqiang Wang et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2019)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Extraction of Co and Li2CO3 from cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries through a combined acid-leaching and electro-deoxidation approach

Jingjing Zhao et al.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2019)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles

Gavin Harper et al.

NATURE (2019)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Resource recovery of critically-rare metals by hydrometallurgical recycling of spent lithium ion batteries

Rabia Sattar et al.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Environmentally benign process for selective recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by using conventional sulfation roasting

Jiao Lin et al.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2019)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Examining different recycling processes for lithium-ion batteries

Rebecca E. Ciez et al.

NATURE SUSTAINABILITY (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A redox targeting-based material recycling strategy for spent lithium ion batteries

Juezhi Yu et al.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Impurity removal with highly selective and efficient methods and the recycling of transition metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Fangwei Peng et al.

RSC ADVANCES (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

30 Years of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Matthew Li et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Effective regeneration of LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries: a direct approach towards high-performance active particles

Yang Shi et al.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2018)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Separation of Li and Co from the active mass of spent Li-ion batteries by selective sulfating roasting with sodium bisulfate and water leaching

Dahui Wang et al.

MINERALS ENGINEERING (2018)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Material bottlenecks in the future development of green technologies

Alicia Valero et al.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Selective Recovery of Li and Fe from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries by an Environmentally Friendly Mechanochemical Approach

Ersha Fan et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2018)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Critical Review and Analysis on the Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Weiguang Lv et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Resolving the Compositional and Structural Defects of Degraded LiNixCoyMnzO2 Particles to Directly Regenerate High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes

Yang Shi et al.

ACS ENERGY LETTERS (2018)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Coupling reactions and collapsing model in the roasting process of recycling metals from LiCoO2 batteries

JiaKai Mao et al.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2018)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

A sustainable process for metal recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries using ammonium chloride

Weiguang Lv et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recycled Lithium from Simulated Pyrometallurgical Slag by Chlorination Roasting

Hui Dang et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2018)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Hydrometallurgical Processes for Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Critical Review

Yonglin Yao et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2018)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Novel Approach for in Situ Recovery of Lithium Carbonate from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries Using Vacuum Metallurgy

Jiefeng Xiao et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A promising approach for the recovery of high value-added metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Juntao Hu et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2017)

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Review Electrochemistry

Review-SEI: Past, Present and Future

E. Peled et al.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2017)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Defect Chemistry of Nonprecious-Metal Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reactions

Dafeng Yan et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear

Recovered spinel MnCo2O4 from spent lithium-ion batteries for enhanced electrocatalytic oxygen evolution in alkaline medium

Subramanian Natarajan et al.

DALTON TRANSACTIONS (2017)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

The state of understanding of the lithium-ion-battery graphite solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and its relationship to formation cycling

Seong Jin An et al.

CARBON (2016)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Defect Physics and Chemistry in Layered Mixed Transition Metal Oxide Cathode Materials: (Ni,Co,Mn) vs (Ni,Co,AI)

Khang Hoang et al.

CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS (2016)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Growth Manner of Octahedral-Shaped Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 Single Crystals in Molten Na2SO4

Takeshi Kimijima et al.

CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN (2016)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Environmentally-friendly oxygen-free roasting/wet magnetic separation technology for in situ recycling cobalt, lithium carbonate and graphite from spent LiCoO2/graphite lithium batteries

Jia Li et al.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2016)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A stepwise recovery of metals from hybrid cathodes of spent Li-ion batteries with leaching-flotation-precipitation process

Yanfang Huang et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2016)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recycled LiCoO2 in spent lithium-ion battery as an oxygen evolution electrocatalyst

Ning Chen et al.

RSC ADVANCES (2016)

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Review Engineering, Environmental

Recycling Metals from Wastes: A Novel Application of Mechanochemistry

Quanyin Tan et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2015)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Recovery of cathode materials and Al from spent lithium-ion batteries by cleaning

Li-Po He et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2015)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Sustainable Recovery of Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Green Process

Xiangping Chen et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2015)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Molten salt method of preparation and cathodic studies on layered-cathode materials Li(Co0.7Ni0.3)O2 and Li(Ni0.7Co0.3)O2 for Li-ion batteries

M. V. Reddy et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2013)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Recovery of lithium and cobalt from waste lithium ion batteries of mobile phone

Manis Kumar Jha et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2013)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Organic oxalate as leachant and precipitant for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Liang Sun et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2012)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Fundamental aspects of surface engineering of transition metal oxide photocatalysts

Matthias Batzill

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2011)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Structure and performance of LiFePO4 cathode materials: A review

Wei-Jun Zhang

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2011)

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Review Engineering, Environmental

A review of mechanochemistry applications in waste management

Xiuying Guo et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2010)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

On the Classification of Molten Salt Electrolytes

V. A. Khokhlov

RUSSIAN METALLURGY (2010)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

The effect of carbon coating thickness on the capacity of LiFePO4/C composite cathodes

Yung-Da Cho et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2009)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Atomic-scale investigation of defects, dopants, and lithium transport in the LiFePO4 olivine-type battery material

MS Islam et al.

CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS (2005)

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Article Electrochemistry

Impact of the carbon coating thickness on the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C composites

R Dominko et al.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2005)

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Article Electrochemistry

Cyclable lithium and capacity loss in Li-ion cells

J Christensen et al.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2005)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Lithium batteries and cathode materials

MS Whittingham

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2004)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Preparation of LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries

CK Lee et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2002)

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