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Recent development of end-of-life strategies for plastic in industry and academia: bridging their gap for future deployment

MATERIALS HORIZONS (2023)

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Technical, Economic, and Environmental Comparison of Closed- Loop Recycling Technologies for Common Plastics

Taylor Uekert et al.

Summary: Over 400 million metric tons of plastic waste are generated globally each year, resulting in pollution and lost resources. Recycling strategies can recapture this wasted material, but there is a lack of quantitative and transparent data on the capabilities and impacts of these processes. The study develops a dataset for closed-loop polymer recycling technologies, including mechanical recycling and solvent-based dissolution of various types of plastic, to compare their economic and environmental performances, as well as material qualities. Mechanical recycling and PET glycolysis showed the best performance in terms of economic and environmental aspects, while dissolution and enzymatic hydrolysis provided the highest material qualities. The study also identified key process contributors and highlighted future research areas.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2023)

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Closed-loop additive manufacturing of upcycled commodity plastic through dynamic cross-linking

Sungjin Kim et al.

Summary: This study introduces a circular model of plastic manufacturing by upcycling common plastic ABS into recyclable and robust ABS-vitrimer using accessible and scalable fused filament fabrication technique. The successful development of fully processable ABS-vitrimer overcomes the challenge of reprinting cross-linked materials and enables the direct printing of stronger, tougher, and solvent-resistant 3D objects from unsorted plastic waste.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recyclable and malleable thermosets enabled by activating dormant dynamic linkages

Zepeng Lei et al.

Summary: Chemical recycling of polymers is crucial for improving the circular economy and sustainability of plastics. This study demonstrates the possibility of recycling traditional polycyanurate thermosets by activating dormant covalent bonds. By redirecting the synthetic route and creating a reversible synthetic pathway, previously inaccessible alkyl-polycyanurate thermosets with high recyclability and reprocessing capability were successfully synthesized.

NATURE CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Mixed plastics waste valorization through tandem chemical oxidation and biological funneling

Kevin P. Sullivan et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates a strategy for the selective conversion of mixed plastics waste into valuable chemical products by using metal-catalyzed autoxidation to depolymerize the plastics into oxygenated small molecules, and then genetically engineering bacteria to convert these molecules into a single chemical product.

SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Unraveling a path for multi-cycle recycling of tailored fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites

Zhengping Zhou et al.

Summary: A design of dynamic polyurea/epoxy (DPE) vitrimers with exchangeable disulfide crosslinks has been developed, which overcomes the limitations of conventional epoxy vitrimers in reprocessing. The carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) prepared with DPE vitrimers exhibit facile multi-cycle processability and repairability by thermoformation.

CELL REPORTS PHYSICAL SCIENCE (2022)

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Upcycling of semicrystalline polymers by compatibilization: mechanism and location of compatibilizers

Xiaomin Tang et al.

Summary: This study evaluates the effects of three commercial ethylene copolymer compatibilizers on the recycling of PET and HDPE, and discovers a method to predict the location of compatibilizer molecules. This knowledge is significant for improving the recycling efficiency of plastic waste.

RSC ADVANCES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Selective Chemical Upcycling of Mixed Plastics Guided by a Thermally Stable Organocatalyst

Coralie Jehanno et al.

Summary: Chemical recycling of plastic waste offers a greener alternative to landfill and incineration, with the potential for selective and sequential depolymerization of specific plastics to produce high added value molecules. This method showcases the promise of catalytic depolymerization in providing solutions for environmental consequences of increased plastic waste.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2021)

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Manufacturing energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with plastics consumption

Scott R. Nicholson et al.

Summary: Comparing the supply chain energy requirements and greenhouse gas emissions of bio-based and/or circular plastic production to incumbent manufacturing paradigms is essential for informing the development of future disruptive technologies in the synthetic polymer industry.

JOULE (2021)

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Closed-loop recycling of polyethylene-like materials

Manuel Haeussler et al.

Summary: Plastics are crucial components in modern technology but are often disposed of after use. Chemical recycling offers an alternative to retain high-performance properties, but traditional polyethylene poses challenges due to its inert nature and structure.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Design of tough adhesive from commodity thermoplastics through dynamic crosslinking

Md Anisur Rahman et al.

Summary: By incorporating dynamic covalent bonds of boronic ester into commodity triblock thermoplastic elastomers, tough reversible/recyclable adhesive materials have been successfully designed, enabling reversible binding with various fillers and substrates, as well as outstanding mechanical, thermal, and chemical resistance properties.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Chemically recyclable thermoplastics from reversible-deactivation polymerization of cyclic acetals

Brooks A. Abel et al.

Summary: The study introduces a reversible-deactivation CROP method using a commercial initiator and catalyst to synthesize poly(1,3-dioxolane) with comparable tensile strength to some commodity polyolefins. Depolymerization of PDXL using strong acid catalysts efficiently returns monomer, even from a waste mixture of commodity plastics. This efficient polymerization method offers a tough thermoplastic material that can undergo selective depolymerization to monomer.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Multiblock Copolymers for Recycling Polyethylene-Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Mixed Waste

Keiichiro Nomura et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

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Polyethylene upcycling to long-chain alkylaromatics by tandem hydrogenolysis/aromatization

Fan Zhang et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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High-performance pan-tactic polythioesters with intrinsic crystallinity and chemical recyclability

Changxia Shi et al.

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Closed-loop recycling of plastics enabled by dynamic covalent diketoenamine bonds

Peter R. Christensen et al.

NATURE CHEMISTRY (2019)

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Adaptable Crosslinks in Polymeric Materials: Resolving the Intersection of Thermoplastics and Thermosets

Georg M. Scheutz et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2019)

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Dynamic Covalent Bonds in Polymeric Materials

Progyateg Chakma et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2019)

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Tunable soft and stiff, self-healing, recyclable, thermadapt shape memory biomass polymers based on multiple hydrogen bonds and dynamic imine bonds

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JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2019)

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POLYMER CHEMISTRY (2019)

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Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

Plastics recycling with a difference

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A synthetic polymer system with repeatable chemical recyclability

Jian-Bo Zhu et al.

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High-performance vitrimers from commodity thermoplastics through dioxaborolane metathesis

Max Roettger et al.

SCIENCE (2017)

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Combining polyethylene and polypropylene: Enhanced performance with PE/iPP multiblock polymers

James M. Eagan et al.

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

DYNAMERS: dynamic polymers as self-healing materials

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Silica-Like Malleable Materials from Permanent Organic Networks

Damien Montarnal et al.

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Pyrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in a fluidised bed plant

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POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY (2004)

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