Two-dimensional ferromagnetic semiconductors of rare-earth Janus 2H-GdIBr monolayers with large valley polarization

Based on a rare-earth Gd atom with 4f electrons, through first-principles calculations, we demonstrate that a Janus 2H-GdIBr monolayer exhibits an intrinsic ferromagnetic (FM) semiconductor character with an indirect band gap of 0.75 eV, a high Curie temperature Tc of 260 K, a significant magnetic moment of 8 mu B per f.u. ( f.u. = formula unit), in-plane magnetic anisotropy (IMA) and a large spontaneous valley polarization of 118 meV. The MAE, inter-atomic distance or angle, and Tc can be efficiently modulated by inplane strains and charge carrier doping. Under a strain range from -5% to 5% and charge carrier doping from -0.3 e to 0.3 e per f.u., the system still retains its FM ordering and the corresponding Tc can be modulated by strains from 233 K to 281 K and by charge carrier doping from 140 K to 245 K. Interestingly, under various strains, the matrix element differences (dz2, dyz), (dx2-y2, dxy) and ( px, py) of Gd atoms dominate the MAE behaviors, which originates from the competition between the contributions of the Gd-d orbitals, Gd-p orbitals, and p orbitals of halogen atoms based on the second-order perturbation theory. Inequivalent Dirac valleys are not energetically degenerate due to the time-reversal symmetry breaking in the Janus 2H-GdIBr monolayer. A considerable valley gap between the Berry curvature at the K and K' points provides an opportunity to selectively control the valley freedom and states. External tensile (compressive) strain further increases (decreases) the valley gap up to a maximum (minimum) value of 158 (37) meV, indicating that the valley polarization in the Janus 2H-GdIBr monolayer is robust to external strains. This study provides a novel paradigm and platform to design spintronic devices for next-generation quantum information technology.

Automated summary

Based on first-principles calculations, a Janus 2H-GdIBr monolayer with a rare-earth Gd atom is demonstrated to exhibit intrinsic ferromagnetic and semiconductor properties, with adjustable magnetic anisotropy, inter-atomic distance, and Curie temperature. The system retains its ferromagnetic ordering and can be modulated under strain and charge carrier doping, providing a novel paradigm for spintronic devices in next-generation quantum information technology.