Sex and gender considerations in dementia: a call for global research

Review Neurosciences

Could Country-Level Factors Explain Sex Differences in Dementia Incidence and Prevalence? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Hamidul Huque et al.

Summary: This study examines sex differences in the incidence and prevalence of dementia globally, and evaluates whether country-level indicators of gender inequality account for these differences. The results show that there are no sex differences in the incidence of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia, except in the 90+ age group. However, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease is higher in women, and this difference is associated with gender differences in life expectancy and education.

JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE (2023)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Consideration of sex and gender in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders from a global perspective

Michelle M. Mielke et al.

Summary: Sex or gender differences in the risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias differ by world region, and there are potentially modifiable risk factors for intervention. The study emphasizes the importance of considering gender, biologic sex, and sexual orientation in understanding the risk, prevention, and diagnosis of ADRD. Identifying the drivers of sex and gender differences in ADRD can help develop interventions to reduce inequities and global ADRD risk.

ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Sex influences clinical phenotype in frontotemporal dementia

Marta Pengo et al.

Summary: This study found that sex plays a potential role in determining the phenotype of FTD, but does not influence survival rates. Although the pathophysiological contribution of sex in neurodegeneration is not well characterized yet, these findings highlight its role as a deserving biological variable in FTD.

NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Female specific risk factors for the development of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology and cognitive impairment: Call for a precision medicine approach

Chinedu Udeh-Momoh et al.

Summary: Alzheimer's disease may manifest changes in midlife, with sex potentially influencing cognition and brain health. This review discusses sex-differences in AD neuropathological burden and outlines potential endocrinological mechanisms, providing recommendations for targeted research on female-specific risk factors.

AGEING RESEARCH REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Sex and gender differences in cognitive and brain reserve: Implications for Alzheimer's disease in women

Sivaniya Subramaniapillai et al.

Summary: The literature review identified gender differences in cognitive/brain reserve contributors in relation to Alzheimer's disease risk, suggesting that greater reserve may be more beneficial in lowering risk for women. However, further research is needed in this area to fully understand the impact of cognitive reserve on AD risk in women.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Differences in Sex Distribution Between Genetic and Sporadic Frontotemporal Dementia

Sterre C. M. de Boer et al.

Summary: This study compared the sex distribution of sporadic and genetic FTD cases, finding a higher male prevalence in sporadic bvFTD compared to genetic bvFTD. Genetic cases were underrepresented in other clinical FTD subgroups, with a more equal sex distribution among sporadic cases. Further research is warranted to explore the differential pathogenesis of FTD based on these findings.

JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Sex differences in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia: A new window to executive and behavioral reserve

Ignacio Illan-Gala et al.

Summary: The study revealed that women with bvFTD exhibited greater atrophy burden in the frontotemporal regions compared to men, despite having similar clinical characteristics. Additionally, women showed better executive function performance and experienced fewer changes in apathy, sleep, and appetite compared to men at a similar level of atrophy.

ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA (2021)

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Review Neurosciences