4.5 Review

Deep learning in crowd counting: A survey

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Crowd Counting via Segmentation Guided Attention Networks and Curriculum Loss

Qian Wang et al.

Summary: Automatic crowd behaviour analysis is a crucial task for intelligent transportation systems, and crowd counting plays a key role in this analysis. Recent advancements in deep convolutional neural networks have led to significant progress in crowd counting. This paper evaluates the performance of the baseline Inception-v3 model on commonly used crowd counting datasets, achieving surprisingly good results comparable to or better than existing models. Furthermore, a novel Segmentation Guided Attention Network (SGANet) with Inception-v3 as the backbone and a curriculum loss is proposed, which outperforms prior arts, attaining state-of-the-art performance on multiple datasets.

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AdaCrowd: Unlabeled Scene Adaptation for Crowd Counting

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Summary: This paper addresses the problem of image-based crowd counting and proposes a new problem setup called unlabeled scene-adaptive crowd counting. By using unlabeled images from the target scene, the proposed problem setup aims to adapt the crowd counting model to specific scenes. The authors introduce the AdaCrowd framework, which consists of a crowd counting network and a guiding network, and demonstrate its effectiveness through experimental results.

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Spatiotemporal Dilated Convolution With Uncertain Matching for Video-Based Crowd Estimation

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Summary: This paper proposes a novel SpatioTemporal convolutional Dense Network (STDNet) for video-based crowd counting problem. The network decomposes 3D convolution and utilizes 3D spatiotemporal dilated dense convolution to alleviate the rapid growth of model size. The combination of dilated convolution and channel attention block enhances feature representations. A new patch-wise regression loss (PRL) is proposed to improve the original pixel-wise loss for better convergence. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of STDNet over state-of-the-art methods in video-based crowd counting.

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Summary: Crowd counting is an important topic in computer vision, which uses density maps generated from ground-truth dot maps and deep learning models to improve counting performance. However, the hand-crafted methods used for generating density maps may not be optimal for specific networks or datasets. To address this, an adaptive density map generator is proposed, which is trained jointly with a counter within an end-to-end framework.

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Summary: In this paper, a novel feedback network with Region-Aware block (RANet) is proposed to tackle the common problems of background noise and scale variation in crowd counting. The RANet incorporates human's Top-Down visual perception mechanism by generating priority maps and adaptively encoding contextual information. Experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches on multiple public datasets.

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Summary: This paper proposes TransCrowd, a weakly-supervised crowd counting method based on transformers. By utilizing the self-attention mechanism of transformers, TransCrowd effectively extracts semantic crowd information, addressing the limited receptive fields for context modeling in traditional CNN methods. Experiments show that TransCrowd outperforms other weakly-supervised CNN methods and achieves competitive performance compared to some fully-supervised counting methods.

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Density-Aware Curriculum Learning for Crowd Counting

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Summary: This article proposes a lightweight model and a density-aware curriculum learning training strategy for crowd counting. The experimental results demonstrate outstanding performance and effectiveness of these methods.

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SSR-HEF: Crowd Counting With Multiscale Semantic Refining and Hard Example Focusing

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Summary: This paper proposes a hard example focusing (HEF) algorithm to address the problem of difficult examples in crowd counting, and effectively handles scale variation by using a multiscale semantic refining strategy. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method.

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ELMGAN: A GAN-based efficient lightweight multi-scale-feature-fusion multi-task model

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Summary: Introduced a new large-scale unconstrained crowd counting dataset and proposed a novel crowd counting network. The dataset contains diverse scenarios and environmental conditions, as well as rich annotations. The proposed network gradually generates crowd density maps through residual learning, guided by a confidence weighting mechanism, and achieves significant improvements.

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Summary: This paper demonstrates that formulating counting as a classification task performs better than regression due to imprecise ground truth local counts. The authors propose a novel discrete-constrained regression method, which shows higher accuracy in crowd counting and age estimation tasks compared to classification and standard regression.

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Summary: In this study, a multitask approach for crowd counting and person localization in a unified framework is proposed. By learning multiscale representations of encoded crowd images and subsequently fusing them, the model benefits from a multitask solution. The model achieves strong results on both counting and localization tasks, with high accuracy in crowd location identification.

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Summary: In this article, a simulated crowd counting dataset CrowdX is proposed, which enhances the performance of existing algorithms in crowd counting. The analysis of the dataset reveals the impact of factors such as background, camera angle, human density, and resolution on crowd counting.

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Towards using count-level weak supervision for crowd counting

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Summary: A multiscale generative adversarial network (MS-GAN) is proposed in this article to generate high-quality crowd density maps and accurately estimate crowd counts in complex scenes. By combining multiscale generator and adversarial network, the quality of density maps is improved, leading to better performance compared to current state-of-the-art methods.

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Feature-Aware Adaptation and Density Alignment for Crowd Counting in Video Surveillance

Junyu Gao et al.

Summary: With the advancement of deep neural networks, the performance of crowd counting and pixel-wise density estimation has been improving, but challenges persist. A synthetic crowd dataset released recently helps address the difficulty in collecting data, but the domain gap between real data and synthetic images hinders model performance. To tackle this, a domain-adaptation-style crowd counting method is proposed in this article, which effectively adapts the model from synthetic data to specific real-world scenes.

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NWPU-Crowd: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Crowd Counting and Localization

Qi Wang et al.

Summary: In the past decade, crowd counting and localization have gained much attention from researchers due to their wide range of applications. The NWPU-Crowd dataset is constructed to address the issue of small-scale datasets, containing a large number of annotated heads with points and boxes. A benchmark website is developed for impartial evaluation of different methods, providing researchers with a platform to submit test results and analyze new challenges in the field.

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Towards A Universal Model for Cross-Dataset Crowd Counting

Zhiheng Ma et al.

Summary: By proposing scale alignment and a loss function based on efficient sliced Wasserstein distance, we have achieved universal crowd counting model learning across scenes and datasets with better generalizability.

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Rethinking Counting and Localization in Crowds: A Purely Point-Based Framework

Qingyu Song et al.

Summary: This paper introduces a purely point-based framework for joint crowd counting and individual localization, with a new performance evaluation metric. By directly predicting point proposals with Point to Point Network (P2PNet), which is consistent with human annotations, it achieves significant improvement over existing methods.

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Crowd Counting With Partial Annotations in an Image

Yanyu Xu et al.

Summary: This paper studies a novel crowd counting setting by using only partial annotations in each image as training data. With a network consisting of three components, the model effectively tackles unannotated regions and achieves better performance on several datasets compared to recent methods and baselines.

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Dense Scale Network for Crowd Counting

Feng Dai et al.

Summary: This paper proposes a network model called DSNet for crowd counting, which uses dense dilated convolution blocks to preserve information from different scales and expands the scale range by dense residual connections. Through a novel loss function, DSNet achieves the best performance on five crowd counting datasets, demonstrating significant improvements in crowd counting accuracy.

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Coarse- and Fine-grained Attention Network with Background-aware Loss for Crowd Density Map Estimation

Liangzi Rong et al.

Summary: This paper introduces a novel method CFANet which generates high-quality crowd density maps and people count estimation by incorporating attention maps to better focus on the crowd area. The method utilizes a progressive attention mechanism to suppress irrelevant background and assign attention weights based on crowd density levels, achieving superior performance in count accuracy and image quality improvement. Through multi-level supervision and a Background-aware Structural Loss, the method also reduces false recognition ratio while enhancing structural similarity to groundtruth.

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Encoder-Decoder Based Convolutional Neural Networks with Multi-Scale-Aware Modules for Crowd Counting

Pongpisit Thanasutives et al.

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Jia Liu et al.

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DENet: A Universal Network for Counting Crowd With Varying Densities and Scales

Lei Liu et al.

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Density-Aware Multi-Task Learning for Crowd Counting

Xiaoheng Jiang et al.

Summary: In this study, a novel density-aware convolutional neural network (DensityCNN) method is proposed to perform crowd counting by learning density-level classification and density map estimation. Extensive experiments demonstrate the high effectiveness of the proposed method across multiple datasets.

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Sparse to Dense Scale Prediction for Crowd Couting in High Density Crowds

Sultan Daud Khan et al.

Summary: Head detection-based crowd counting is crucial for various visual applications, but limited work has been done on detecting human heads in high-density crowds. This paper proposes SS-CNN and DS-CNN networks to address this issue, achieving superior performance on challenging datasets.

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Yifan Yang et al.

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Summary: This article introduces a fine-grained crowd counting method, which categorizes crowds and counts the number of individuals in each category, suitable for practical applications. By constructing a new fine-grained counting dataset, proposing a two branch architecture, and two optimization strategies, the algorithm's prediction accuracy is effectively improved.

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Summary: The article introduces a novel self-training approach named Crowd-SDNet that enables a typical object detector trained only with point-level annotations to estimate the center points and sizes of crowded objects. The method significantly improves object detection and counting capabilities and achieves outstanding results on multiple benchmark datasets.

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