Seasonal and El Nino-Southern Oscillation-related ocean variability in the Panama Bight

In the Panama Bight, two different seasonal surface circulation patterns coincide with a strong mean sea level variation, as observed from 27 years of absolute dynamic topography (ADT) and the use of self-organizing maps. From January to April, a cyclonic gyre with a strong southwestward Panama Jet Surface Current (PJSC) dominates the basin circulation, forced by the Panama surface wind jet that also produces upwelling, reducing sea surface temperature (SST), increasing sea surface salinity (SSS) and causing an ADT decrease. From June to December, the Choco surface wind jet enhances SST, precipitation and river runoff, which reduces SSS, causing an ADT rise, which in turn forces a weak circulation in the bight, vanishing the PJSC. Interannual variability in the region is strongly affected by El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO); however this climatic variability does not modify the seasonal circulation patterns in the Panama Bight. In contrast, the positive (negative) ENSO phase increases (decreases) SST and ADT in the Panama Bight, with a mean annual difference of 0.9 degrees C and 9.6 cm, respectively, between the two conditions, while its effect on SSS is small. However, as the strong seasonal SST, SSS and ADT ranges are up to 2.2 degrees C, 2.59 g kg(-1) and 28.3 cm, the seasonal signal dominates over interannual variations in the bight.

Automated summary

In the Panama Bight, two distinct seasonal surface circulation patterns exist, with a cyclonic gyre dominating from January to April and a weak circulation from June to December. El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has a strong impact on interannual variability, but does not modify the seasonal circulation patterns. Positive (negative) ENSO phases increase (decrease) sea surface temperature (SST) and mean sea level variation (ADT) in the Panama Bight, while having a small effect on sea surface salinity (SSS). However, the seasonal variations in SST, SSS, and ADT are much greater than the interannual variations in the region.