☆ 4.8 Review

Recent advances in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

A perspective on increasing the efficiency of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers- a review

Ashkan Makhsoos et al.

Summary: Decarbonized hydrogen production using renewable energy sources and water electrolysis is seen as a promising solution for a sustainable future. This paper reviews the most compelling research on increasing PEMWE efficiency, which is crucial for advancing this technology. Various aspects, including power sources, inputs, stack design, control strategy, and hybrid systems, are analyzed. The paper concludes with five essential recommendations for future studies on PEMWE efficiency.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Design and economic analysis of high-pressure proton exchange membrane electrolysis for renewable energy storage

Jian Dang et al.

Summary: The use of high-pressure cathode in proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis can eliminate the need for a hydrogen compressor and enhance the efficiency of hydrogen transmission. This study conducted an economic analysis of the entire process from hydrogen production to transportation, demonstrating the advantages of high-pressure PEM electrolysis. The influence of cathode pressure and membrane thickness on energy consumption and capital expenditure of the electrolyzer was analyzed, considering factors such as hydrogen permeability, ohmic impedance, and structural design. Furthermore, the impact of renewable energy scale on the choice between PEM and ALK was evaluated, showing that PEM has an advantage in large-scale renewable energy applications.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Emerging catalytic materials for practical lithium-sulfur batteries

Fangyi Shi et al.

Summary: This study reviews the latest catalytic materials for practical high-energy lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) and explores the relationship between catalyst design strategies, material structures, and electrochemical performance. The authors also statistically evaluate the state-of-the-art catalyst-modified LSBs to identify the remaining gap between current advancements and real-world requirements. Finally, the authors propose a study on catalytic materials to help realize practical LSBs.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY CHEMISTRY (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Construction of low-cost and long-time proton exchange membranes by using slow-release radical scavenger

Wenping Li et al.

Summary: The study develops an anti-oxidative composite membrane (Res@CDs-Nafion/PTFE) for proton exchange membranes (PEM) fuel cells by encapsulating Resveratrol (Res) in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins (CDs). The Res@CDs-Nafion/PTFE exhibits similar performance on proton conductivity and hydrogen-air fuel cell compared to the Nafion/PTFE composite membrane, while significantly reducing production cost. Furthermore, Res@CDs enhances the oxidation stability of the composite membrane. These advantages greatly promote the application process of long-lifetime PEM fuel cells.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Rational design and synthesis of advanced metal-organic frameworks for electrocatalytic water splitting

Yu-Jia Tang et al.

Summary: As a promising technology for hydrogen production, electrocatalytic water splitting using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been extensively studied due to their precise and tunable structures. This review presents recent advances in the rational design and synthesis of advanced MOF electrocatalysts for water splitting. The design concepts, synthesis techniques, and classifications of different MOFs for robust electrocatalytic water splitting are discussed. The review concludes with a discussion on the future prospects of advanced MOFs for electrochemical energy conversion.

SCIENCE CHINA-CHEMISTRY (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Discovering Reactant Supply Pathways at Electrode/PEM Reaction Interfaces Via a Tailored Interface-Visible Characterization Cell

Weitian Wang et al.

Summary: The development of an interface-visible characterization cell allows for the in situ visualization of electrochemical reactions and multiphase transports on porous transport electrode (PTE) materials and solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) interfaces. Through studying a green hydrogen generator, unconventional reactant supply pathways, such as local gas blockage and micro water droplets, are successfully observed on PTE/SPE interfaces in a practical proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cell (PEMEC) device. The results also highlight the significant impact of current densities on PEM water supply to reaction interfaces, providing crucial insights for optimizing reaction interfaces and enhancing mass transport in electrochemical energy conversion devices.

SMALL (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Exploration and Insight of Dynamic Structure Evolution for Electrocatalysts

Fu -Min Li et al.

Summary: Electrochemical energy technology is crucial for transitioning to renewable energy sources. Electrocatalysts play a key role in maximizing energy conversion efficiency, but their structural evolution hinders practical application. The related research focuses on controlling and utilizing this evolution, as well as preventing corrosion and designing corrosion-resistant electrocatalysts.

ACCOUNTS OF MATERIALS RESEARCH (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

High-entropy alloy metallene for highly efficient overall water splitting in acidic media

Dan Zhang et al.

Summary: This study successfully prepared IrPdRhMoW HEA metallene catalyst, which exhibits extraordinary catalytic performance in acidic environments. It outperforms commercial catalysts and other noble metal-based catalysts in terms of hydrogen and oxygen evolution overpotentials. Moreover, it maintains excellent electroactivity and structural stability after prolonged water splitting.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS (2023)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Exploring the Impacts of Conditioning on Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers by In Situ Visualization and Electrochemistry Characterization

Weitian Wang et al.

Summary: Conditioning plays a crucial role in improving the performance and economic efficiency of PEMEC. In this study, a PEMEC with Ir-coated gas diffusion electrode (IrGDE) was investigated using electrochemistry and in situ visualization techniques. The results showed that the cell efficiency increased, and both the ohmic and activation overpotential losses decreased after conditioning. The visualization of bubble formation revealed an increase in reaction sites and surface oxidation on the IrGDE, providing insights for future GDE design and optimization.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Electron redistribution of ruthenium-tungsten oxides Mott-Schottky heterojunction for enhanced hydrogen evolution

Lingxin Peng et al.

Summary: In this study, a strategy of utilizing the Mott-Schottky effect to regulate electron distribution is demonstrated for developing an effective electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution in acid electrolyte. The hybrid Ru-WO(2.72) catalyst exhibits superior activity, with the Ru-based mass activity 161.6 times higher than that of commercial Ru/C. The enhanced hydrogen production is attributed to the electron enrichment induced by the Mott-Schottky effect at the metal-metal oxides interface.

APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Three-dimensional CFD simulation of proton exchange membrane water electrolyser: Performance assessment under different condition

Mukesh Upadhyay et al.

Summary: Hydrogen production through electrochemical water splitting is crucial for expanding renewable energy sources and establishing a sustainable energy society. The proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyser technology is ideal for coupling with renewable energy sources, and researchers have utilized bench-scale experiments and CFD simulation to analyze performance parameters and improve efficiency.Validation of the developed CFD model against in-house experiments has successfully predicted the current-voltage polarization curve and provided insights into factors affecting PEM water electrolyser performance.

APPLIED ENERGY (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

PtRu alloy nanoparticles embedded on C2N nanosheets for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction in both acidic and alkaline solutions

Chun Li et al.

Summary: By designing PtRu alloy nanoparticles supported on nanosheets, PtRu@C2N exhibits high activity and fast kinetics, outperforming commercial Pt/C in both acidic and alkaline conditions, showing great potential for practical applications.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A high-performance, durable and low-cost proton exchange membrane electrolyser with stainless steel components

S. Stiber et al.

Summary: This study presents a high-performance, durable, and cost-effective PEMWE cell with coated stainless steel bipolar plates and porous transport layers. By applying non-precious metal coatings of Ti and Nb/Ti on the stainless steel components, the current density can be significantly increased while maintaining the same performance. The results demonstrate the feasibility of manufacturing PEMWE cells almost entirely in stainless steel, leading to a substantial cost reduction in the technology.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Pressurized PEM water electrolysis: Dynamic modelling focusing on the cathode side

G. Correa et al.

Summary: This paper presents a lumped dynamic model for a high pressure PEM water electrolyzer, focusing on the cathode side and highlighting the importance of the cathodic activation overpotential. The model is calibrated using experimental data from a 5.6 kW PEM water electrolyzer stack, showing a good fit with the experimental data at different temperatures and pressures. The study finds that temperature mainly affects the ohmic overpotential, while increasing cathode pressure significantly increases the cathodic activation overpotential, which is crucial for electrolyzer performance.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Mass transport in PEM water electrolysers: A review

M. Maier et al.

Summary: While alkaline water electrolysis is a mature and low-cost method for hydrogen production, polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysers (PEMWEs) have made significant advancements in terms of cost, efficiency, and durability. They are a promising technology for large-scale hydrogen production and energy storage in conjunction with renewable energy sources.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Controlling hydrophilic channel alignment of perfluorinated sulfonic acid membranes via biaxial drawing for high performance and durable polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis

Chang Jin Lee et al.

Summary: This study focuses on improving the performance and durability of perfluorinated sulfonic acid membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis by controlling the membrane microstructure. The stretched and thinned Nafion membrane shows better cell performance and durability, with reduced ohmic resistance and enhanced interfacial stability.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Tuning Catalyst Activation and Utilization Via Controlled Electrode Patterning for Low-Loading and High-Efficiency Water Electrolyzers

Shule Yu et al.

Summary: An anode electrode concept with thin catalyst-coated liquid/gas diffusion layers (CCLGDLs) using Ir catalysts and Ti thin tunable LGDLs is proposed for proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells (PEMECs). The design achieves comparative cell performances while saving significant amounts of Ir catalyst and increasing catalyst utilization. The CCLGDL concept offers a simplified fabrication process and improved catalyst utilization, with potential applications in in situ reaction interface research.

SMALL (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Fully Hydrocarbon Membrane Electrode Assemblies for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers: An Engineering Perspective

Hien Nguyen et al.

Summary: This article summarizes the recent developments in the application of novel hydrocarbon-based ionomers in electrochemical energy devices. These ionomers have the potential to overcome the limitations of PFSAs and demonstrate promising performance. The necessary key innovations for the application of hydrocarbon-based ionomers in fuel cells and electrolyzers are also discussed.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Enhancing the durability of hydrocarbon-membrane-based polymer electrolyte water electrolysis using a radical scavenger-embedded interlocking interfacial layer

Sungyu Choi et al.

Summary: The study introduces a radical-scavenger-embedded interlocking interfacial layer (IIL) to address delamination issue between hydrocarbon membranes and Nafion-based catalyst layers. The ball-socket joint structure of the IIL enables mechanical interlocking at the interface, with cerium oxide acting as a radical scavenger to prevent hydrothermal degradation of the IIL. The IIL-based PEMWE system operates for more than 500 hours with lower polarization compared to state-of-the-art hydrocarbon-based and Nafion-based PEMWE systems, marking an important milestone for cost-effective PEMWE system development.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Revealing the activity of Co3Mo3N and Co3Mo3N0.5 as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction

Youyi Sun et al.

Summary: The article introduces phase-pure, unsupported Co3Mo3N as a catalytic material with competitively low overpotential, and emphasizes the importance of nitrogen sites for the stability of nitride catalysts. Research results indicate that although nitrogen sites play a minor role in catalytic performance, their occupancy is crucial for the stability of nitride catalysts in corrosive electrolytes.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2022)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Modifying Ti-Based Gas Diffusion Layer Passivation for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolysis via Electrochemical Nitridation

Yue Liu et al.

Summary: This study develops an inexpensive method of producing high-performance Ti-based GDLs through electrochemical nitridation. The modified Ti felt shows low interfacial contact resistance and excellent corrosion resistance in simulated PEM water electrolysis environments.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Corrosion Chemistry of Electrocatalysts

Fu-Min Li et al.

Summary: Electrocatalysts play a crucial role in sustainable energy conversion technologies. Understanding their corrosion behavior and mechanism is essential for developing efficient and stable electrocatalysts.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Electronic Structure Engineering of Single-Atom Ru Sites via Co-N4 Sites for Bifunctional pH-Universal Water Splitting

Chengli Rong et al.

Summary: The development of bifunctional water-splitting electrocatalysts that are efficient and stable over a wide range of pH is crucial but challenging. This study reports an atomically dispersed Ru/Co dual-sites catalyst anchored on N-doped carbon (Ru/Co-N-C) for excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes. The catalyst shows superior performance compared to benchmark catalysts Pt/C and RuO2, with low overpotentials and high current densities. Theoretical calculations and experimental results demonstrate that the introduction of Co-N4 sites into Ru/Co-N-C modifies the electronic structure of Ru and enhances the bonding strength with oxygen/hydrogen intermediate species, leading to improved OER and HER performance. Furthermore, the incorporation of Co-N4 sites improves the corrosion-resistance of Ru/Co-N-C during electrolysis. The Ru/Co-N-C catalyst has been successfully applied in a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer and shows stable operation at a high current density.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Emerging two-dimensional nanocatalysts for electrocatalytic hydrogen production

Hong Chen et al.

Summary: This review discusses the application of emerging nanocatalysts in 2D nanoarchitectures for electrocatalytic hydrogen production, and provides detailed insights into the relationship between synthetic protocols, structure, catalytic performance, and thermodynamics.

CHINESE CHEMICAL LETTERS (2022)

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Article Electrochemistry

Durability Testing of Low-Iridium PEM Water Electrolysis Membrane Electrode Assemblies

Maximilian Moeckl et al.

Summary: The durability of a novel iridium catalyst with a low iridium loading density was investigated in a PEM water electrolysis short stack. The performance of the novel catalyst was compared to a conventional iridium catalyst. The results showed that the novel catalyst had lower degradation in performance at low current densities, making it suitable for industrial applications.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2022)

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Article Electrochemistry

Scalable Implementation of Recombination Catalyst Layers to Mitigate Gas Crossover in PEM Water Electrolyzers

A. Staehler et al.

Summary: Hydrogen permeation in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolysis is a critical safety hurdle that can be addressed by incorporating recombination catalyst layers into membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). This study demonstrates a scalable method for fabricating such MEAs with reliable hydrogen reduction capabilities across a range of membrane thicknesses.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A high-performance capillary-fed electrolysis cell promises more cost-competitive renewable hydrogen

Aaron Hodges et al.

Summary: This article introduces a unique concept of water electrolysis, which enables bubble-free operation at the electrodes through capillary-induced transport. This approach enhances the efficiency of water electrolysis, bringing cost-competitive renewable hydrogen closer to reality.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

NiTiP-Coated Ti as Low-cost Bipolar Plates for Water Electrolysis with Polymer Electrolyte Membranes

Hiroaki Wakayama et al.

Summary: The use of hydrogen produced with renewable energy can help mitigate global warming. By substituting Pt-coated Ti bipolar plates with NiTiP-coated Ti bipolar plates in PEM water electrolysis systems, researchers have successfully generated low-cost hydrogen with higher efficiency.

ELECTROCATALYSIS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Guiding the Optimization of Membrane Electrode Assembly in a Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer by Machine Learning Modeling and Black-Box Interpretation

Rui Ding et al.

Summary: This article presents a method for reliably predicting and optimizing the performance of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) using machine learning. By utilizing data-driven models, energy utilization efficiency can be improved and costs reduced, providing new guidance for designing MEAs and other energy-related fields.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

State-of-the-art polymers of intrinsic microporosity for high-performance gas separation membranes

Yingge Wang et al.

Summary: Solution-processible polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are versatile materials for membrane applications, offering a wide range of chemical and structural diversity and significantly improved gas separation performance compared to traditional low-free-volume glassy polymers. Recent developments in PIMs have led to significant advancements in gas separation properties, setting new upper bounds for various gas pairs, but further improvements are needed for commercial use, including enhancing gas-pair selectivity, stability, polymer scale-up, and reproducible membrane fabrication.

CURRENT OPINION IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Exceptionally active and stable RuO2 with interstitial carbon for water oxidation in acid

Juan Wang et al.

Summary: This study reports a new strategy to stabilize RuO2 by introducing interstitial carbon and successfully develops a stable OER electrocatalyst. The optimized catalyst exhibits low overpotential and long-term stability, indicating its potential application in water splitting.

CHEM (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Single-site Pt-doped RuO2 hollow nanospheres with interstitial C for high-performance acidic overall water splitting

Juan Wang et al.

Summary: In this study, hollow Pt-doped RuO2 nanospheres with interstitial carbon were reported as highly active and stable electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. These catalysts exhibited superior performance compared to most reported catalysts and showed promising stability during continuous operation.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2022)

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Article Electrochemistry

Effect of Recombination Catalyst Loading in PEMWE Membranes on Anodic Hydrogen Content Reduction

Dunia Abbas et al.

Summary: Integrating platinum-based catalysts into proton exchange membrane water electrolysis systems can effectively reduce anodic hydrogen content. The study found that with the appropriate platinum loading, safe operation at certain pressure levels can be achieved.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Elucidating effects of catalyst loadings and porous transport layer morphologies on operation of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers

Devashish Kulkarni et al.

Summary: In this study, x-ray computed tomography, electrochemical, and modeling techniques were used to characterize the interface of two different porous transport layers and catalyst layers under various loadings. The results showed that the low porosity sintered transport layers exhibited better contact with the catalyst and membrane, leading to improved kinetics.

APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Voltage Loss Diagnosis in CO2 Electrolyzers Using Five-Electrode Technique

Kentaro U. Hansen et al.

Summary: CO2 electrolysis is a promising carbon utilization technology, but improvements are needed for energy efficiency. A five-electrode technique was developed to identify the source of voltage losses. The study revealed that the cathode/membrane ionic interface is the major cause of overpotential, which can be mitigated by coating the catalyst directly onto the membrane.

ACS ENERGY LETTERS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Highly Sulfonated Aromatic Graft Polymer with Very High Proton Conductivity and Low Hydrogen Permeability for Water Electrolysis

Su Min Ahn et al.

Summary: An aromatic graft polymer with a phase-separated morphology was synthesized for a proton exchange membrane, exhibiting low hydrogen permeability, high proton conductivity, and durable performance for PEM water electrolysis.

ACS ENERGY LETTERS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Laser fabrication of Pt anchored Mo2C micropillars as integrated gas diffusion and catalytic electrode for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer

Haifeng Yuan et al.

Summary: In this study, efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) were synthesized by laser ablation and reduction, resulting in Mo2C micropillars decorated with Pt nanoparticles. These catalysts showed excellent performance and stability in acid media. Integrated gas diffusion and catalytic electrodes constructed using laser technology exhibited lower voltage in a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer compared to traditional catalysts, offering promising applications in the field of hydrogen energy.

APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Optimization and economic evaluation of a PEM electrolysis system considering its degradation in variable-power operations

Hong Zhang et al.

Summary: This paper investigates the economic evaluation of hydrogen production by water electrolysis, considering the impact of power fluctuations on the efficiency and durability of proton exchange membrane electrolytic cells (PEMEC). Various models and algorithms are proposed to optimize the utilization of new-energy generation and the economy of PEMES. The economic feasibility of PEMESs coupled with different wind power plants and photovoltaic power plants are discussed, with the evaluation results indicating unsatisfactory economics under the available techno-economic parameters.

APPLIED ENERGY (2022)

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Review Thermodynamics

High-pressure PEM water electrolyser: A review on challenges and mitigation strategies towards green and low-cost hydrogen production

Mohd Nur Ikhmal Salehmin et al.

Summary: This article discusses the challenges and advancements in high-pressure PEM electrolyzers for reducing the production costs of green hydrogen. Currently, there are technological bottlenecks in high-pressure PEM electrolyzers, and only a few commercialized products are available in the market. The article provides a market survey on high-pressure PEM electrolyzers and discusses the challenges and possible solutions in high-pressure PEM water electrolyzers. Additionally, the techno-economic feasibility study of high-pressure PEM water electrolyzers and their future projections are comprehensively discussed, along with proposed pathways for driving cost-effective green hydrogen production based on present and future technologies.

ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT (2022)

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Article Thermodynamics

Multiphase, multidimensional modeling of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer

Xiao Qian et al.

Summary: This study comprehensively investigates the multiphase flow in a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) using a computational modeling approach. The results show that high current density leads to lower liquid saturation in the cathode, with oxygen accumulating under the land. Higher temperatures have different effects on liquid saturation in the cathode and anode due to weakened capillary transport.

ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Pivotal role of reversible NiO6 geometric conversion in oxygen evolution

Xiaopeng Wang et al.

Summary: By modifying the electronic states around the Fermi level, an efficient electron transfer process in the oxygen evolution reaction can be achieved. The proposed mechanism involves a switchable metal and oxygen redox chemistry in nickel-oxyhydroxide-based materials with light as the trigger.

NATURE (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Advances in understanding and regulation of sulfur conversion processes in metal-sulfur batteries

Fangyi Shi et al.

Summary: Lithium-sulfur batteries have high energy density and low cost, but face challenges in achieving long cycle life and limited lithium resources. This has led to the exploration of lithium-free metal-sulfur batteries with higher energy density and lower costs. This article provides an overview of the latest progress in addressing these challenges and discusses advanced techniques for understanding sulfur conversion mechanisms.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Water electrolysis: from textbook knowledge to the latest scientific strategies and industrial developments

Marian Chatenet et al.

Summary: This article explores the use of hydrogen as a sustainable energy carrier, focusing on electrocatalytic water splitting. It covers the fundamentals of the process, the latest scientific findings, and the current industrial processes and large-scale applications. The article also discusses strategies for optimizing electrode materials and includes a technoeconomic analysis of water electrolysis. Overall, it aims to promote collaboration and exchange among researchers in different fields.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

La-RuO2 nanocrystals with efficient electrocatalytic activity for overall water splitting in acidic media: Synergistic effect of La doping and oxygen vacancy

Yun Wu et al.

Summary: This study reports the successful development of high-performance and durable Ru-based electrocatalysts by effectively combining hetero-atom doping and oxygen vacancy in La-doped RuO2 nanocrystals for proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzers. The La-doped RuO2 nanocrystals exhibit superior electrocatalytic performances and long-term stability, with lower overpotentials compared to bare RuO2 electrocatalyst in acid media.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

In Situ/Operando Electrocatalyst Characterization by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Janis Timoshenko et al.

Summary: X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a crucial method for investigating the structure and composition of heterogeneous catalysts, revealing the nature of active sites and establishing links between structural motifs, local electronic structure, and catalytic properties. Recent advancements in instrumentation and data analysis approaches for deciphering X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra have been discussed, with emphasis on applications in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, particularly in electrocatalysis.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Monolayer Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanosheets as Proton-Conductive Gas Barriers for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolysis

Taeeun Kim et al.

Summary: The study investigates the potential of monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) as an effective hydrogen gas barrier for PEMs in a water electrolyzer. The hBN/Nafion composite membrane significantly enhances the hydrogen barrier property of Nafion 117, even at high temperatures, and improves water electrolysis efficiency while maintaining mechanical stability. By reducing hydrogen permeability and increasing long-term stability, the composite membrane shows promising applications in the field of water electrolysis.

ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Optimization of catalyst-coated membranes for enhancing performance in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells

Zhiqiang Xie et al.

Summary: The study shows that CCMs fabricated with a direct spray deposition method exhibit better performance in PEMECs due to reduced ohmic resistance and improved mass transport. Additionally, simply adjusting the Nafion ionomer content at the anode CL can greatly enhance cell performance, achieving significant performance improvement with reduced cost.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2021)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Activation Strategy of MoS2 as HER Electrocatalyst through Doping-Induced Lattice Strain, Band Gap Engineering, and Active Crystal Plane Design

Saikat Bolar et al.

Summary: Doping engineering is a modern technique for investigating the catalytic performance of MoS2, with V and N as dopants improving electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions. The introduction of strain and reduction in optical band gaps lead to enhanced catalytic performance, while decreasing agglomeration and particle size during crystal growth. The improved donor density, electrical conductivity, and optimized electronic structures in cation and anion co-doped MoS2 facilitate H* adsorption/desorption in the catalytically active (001) plane.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Rational construction of Pt/PtTex interface with optimal intermediate adsorption energy for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction

Jiadong Chen et al.

Summary: By modifying the adsorption behavior, a Pt/PtTex heterogeneous catalysis interface was successfully constructed to increase OH* adsorption and reduce H* adsorption, resulting in exceptionally lower Tafel slopes for Pt/PtTex NRs, making them among the best HER electrocatalysts reported.

APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL (2021)

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Article Electrochemistry

On the influence of porous transport layers parameters on the performances of polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis cells

A. S. Pushkarev et al.

Summary: The impact of sintered Ti porous transport layer (PTL) structures on both the cathode and anode of the PEM water electrolysis cell needs further investigation. It was found in the study that using a less porous anode PTL significantly increases mass transfer losses, while using a less porous cathode PTL can mitigate these losses.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

PEM water electrolysis cells with catalyst coating by atomic layer deposition

A. Laube et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates the feasibility of a PEM water electrolysis cell design using atomic layer deposition (ALD) in sulfuric acid, achieving high current density and activity by reducing iridium and platinum catalyst loading. Detailed analysis confirms the reproducibility of the cell setup, and further research shows increasing cell performance with more coating cycles.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Catalytic activity of graphene-covered non-noble metals governed by proton penetration in electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction

Kailong Hu et al.

Summary: The study reveals that increasing the number of graphene-covering layers significantly alters the hydrogen evolution reaction performances of nickel and copper, while graphene-covering technology provides a promising approach to achieve a non-noble-metal catalyst with corrosion protection and catalytic activity under acidic media.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Exploring the Interface of Skin-Layered Titanium Fibers for Electrochemical Water Splitting

Chang Liu et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates how the design of PTLs can be improved to enhance their durability and corrosion resistance under real electrolysis conditions, providing the possibility of prolonged operation for water electrolyzers.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Nickel Structures as a Template Strategy to Create Shaped Iridium Electrocatalysts for Electrochemical Water Splitting

Seongeun Park et al.

Summary: This study presents a highly active iridium hollow nanoframe synthesized by controlling the shape of nickel nanostructures and etching process to control the formation of hydroxide species on the iridium surface. The catalytic performance of the NiIr hollow nanoframe for oxygen evolution reaction is 29 times higher than commercially available iridium-based catalysts, providing novel insights for creating stable iridium alloys for various electrochemical devices.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Insights into the rapid two-phase transport dynamics in different structured porous transport layers of water electrolyzers through high-speed visualization

Weitian Wang et al.

Summary: In this study, the introduction of TT-LGDLs was found to enhance two-phase transport in PTLs, reducing the generation of large slugs and improving the recovery capability of water starvation in PEMECs. The TT-LGDL also showed significantly boosted removal efficiency of produced oxygen bubbles and PEMEC performance, indicating its potential for performance enhancement in PEMECs.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2021)

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Article Electrochemistry

Hydrogen crossover in proton exchange membrane electrolysers: The effect of current density, pressure, temperature, and compression

Reza Omrani et al.

Summary: This study investigated the effects of various parameters on hydrogen crossover in PEM electrolyzers through an analytical model. The findings suggest that membrane temperature increase, hydrogen supersaturation, and compression of the LGDL affect hydrogen crossover. The main cause of hydrogen crossover during electrolysis was found to be the increase in hydrogen supersaturation with current density.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2021)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Torsion strained iridium oxide for efficient acidic water oxidation in proton exchange membrane electrolyzers

Shaoyun Hao et al.

Summary: This study presents a torsion-strained Ta0.1Tm0.1Ir0.8O2-delta nanocatalyst with abundant grain boundaries, which exhibits a low overpotential for oxygen evolution reaction. By tuning the adsorption energy of oxygen intermediates, this nanocatalyst shows enhanced catalytic activity. The proton exchange membrane electrolyser using this nanocatalyst can operate stably for 500 hours with a cost of US$1/kg of H-2, achieving a lower cost target set by the US Department of Energy.

NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

High-performance proton-exchange membrane water electrolysis using a sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) membrane and ionomer

Ji Eun Park et al.

Summary: The sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) with a 50 mol.% degree of sulfonation, SPAES50, has been successfully synthesized for use in hydrocarbon-based membrane and ionomer applications in proton-exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). The SPAES50 membrane and the SPAES50-based ionomer (P50) were found to exhibit excellent physical and electrochemical properties, leading to higher performance in PEMWE compared to the commercial Nafion (TM) membrane and ionomer. This study demonstrates the great potential of SPAES50 as a hydrocarbon-based membrane and ionomer for PEMWE applications.

JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Significantly Enhanced Overall Water Splitting Performance by Partial Oxidation of Ir through Au Modification in Core-Shell Alloy Structure

Huimin Wang et al.

Summary: Efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts are crucial for overall water splitting in acidic conditions. The core-shell nanoparticles (Au@AuIr2) synthesized in this study showed significantly enhanced OER and HER catalytic properties, achieving high activity and stability in overall water splitting cell. The electronic interaction between Au and Ir on partially oxidized surfaces likely plays a key role in improving catalytic performance.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Low-Cost Bipolar Plates of Ti4O7-Coated Ti for Water Electrolysis with Polymer Electrolyte Membranes

Hiroaki Wakayama et al.

Summary: Research shows that using titanium suboxide (Ti4O7)-coated titanium as bipolar plates can be a cost-effective way to produce polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolysis systems. The Ti4O7-sputtered Ti exhibited low contact resistance and comparable water electrolysis efficiency to precious metal-coated bipolar plates. This development paves the way for low-cost electrolyzers and related electrochemical devices.

ACS OMEGA (2021)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Low-Loading and Highly Stable Membrane Electrode Based on an Ir@WOxNR Ordered Array for PEM Water Electrolysis

Guang Jiang et al.

Summary: Developing a cheap and stable membrane electrode assembly for PEMWE is crucial in the renewable energy revolution. This study designed an ordered array electrode with a defective Ir film decorated on WOx nanorods, achieved excellent performance and stability with reduced iridium loading. The uniform dispersion of Ir catalyst on the WOx substrate enhances Ir mass activity and improves conductivity.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recent Progress in Advanced Electrocatalyst Design for Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Leigang Li et al.

Summary: This Progress Report summarizes recent research progress in advanced electrocatalysts for improved acidic OER performance. It discusses fundamental understanding about acidic OER including reaction mechanisms and atomic understanding for rational design of efficient electrocatalysts. It also provides an overview of the progress in the design and synthesis of advanced acidic OER electrocatalysts in terms of catalyst category.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recent Development of Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts in Acidic Environment

Li An et al.

Summary: The review focuses on understanding the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) mechanisms in acid, analyzing strategies to enhance activity and stability, and summarizing state-of-the-art catalysts for OER. Prevailing OER mechanisms are reviewed for designing efficient electrocatalysts, approaches to improve activity are discussed, and factors affecting catalyst stability are analyzed. Noble-metal-based OER catalysts and non-noble-metal-based catalysts progress are reviewed, and challenges and perspectives for developing active and robust OER catalysts in acid are discussed.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Cobalt single atom site isolated Pt nanoparticles for efficient ORR and HER in acid media

Lvhan Liang et al.

Summary: By utilizing the isolating effect of cobalt single atoms on platinum, strong interaction between cobalt single atoms and platinum, and the confinement of the metal organic framework-derived porous carbon matrix, platinum nanoparticles were successfully evenly immobilized on a nitrogen-doped carbon matrix with rich cobalt single atoms as multiple active sites. This not only increased the active centers, but also promoted catalysis kinetics, significantly improving catalytic activity for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions.

NANO ENERGY (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Ultrathin platinum nanowire based electrodes for high-efficiency hydrogen generation in practical electrolyzer cells

Zhiqiang Xie et al.

Summary: The study introduces an integrated electrode design with platinum nanowires grown on ultrathin titanium liquid/gas diffusion layers, achieving low cost, low voltage, and high efficiency in PEMEC applications.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2021)

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Review Energy & Fuels

A review of the porous transport layer in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis

Tuan Linh Doan et al.

Summary: Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is a promising and environmentally friendly method for hydrogen production, but only contributes 4% of global hydrogen production due to economic challenges. Recent research on porous transport layers (PTL) aims to reduce costs and enhance performance of PEM water electrolysis.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Lattice Boltzmann method to study the wateroxygen distributions in porous transport layer (PTL) of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyser

Shubhani Paliwal et al.

Summary: In this study, the invasion patterns of O-2 in anodic porous transport layer (PTL) were investigated using the SC-LBM method, with multiphase flow patterns validated against experimental results. The impact of Capillary number (Ca) and Bond number (Bo) on O-2 removal efficiency was studied, and a dimensionless number (phi) was defined to optimize parameters. The study revealed the importance of void space microstructure and proposed implementing positive and negative porosity gradients for enhanced O-2 removal.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2021)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Ion exchange capacity controlled biphenol-based sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers: Comparison of random and multi-block copolymers

Song-Yi Han et al.

Summary: The possibility of using hydrocarbon-based sulfonated polymers as alternatives to PFSA membranes was studied, and it was found that random BPSH membranes showed better performance in terms of hydrogen permeability and proton to hydrogen selectivity. The best performing random BPSH membrane exhibited better performance compared to Nafion 212, but had a higher degradation rate in an accelerated stress test.

JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Progress of Nonprecious-Metal-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution in Acidic Media

Jiajian Gao et al.

Summary: Water oxidation, or the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), is crucial for providing protons and electrons needed for hydrogen generation, electrochemical CO2 reduction, and nitrogen fixation. Developing highly active, stable, and precious-metal-free electrocatalysts for acidic OER is important for large-scale PEM electrolyzer applications. Various precious-metal-free catalysts have shown promising activity and stability for acidic OER, offering alternatives to the limited iridium and ruthenium oxides currently used in PEM electrolyzers.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Defect engineering assisted support effect:IrO2/N defective g-C3N4 composite as highly efficient anode catalyst in PEM water electrolysis

Sen Wang et al.

Summary: By introducing nitrogen defects into carbon nitride materials, the support effect between IrO2 nanoparticles and the carrier can be enhanced, improving the oxygen evolution reaction activity while maintaining good stability.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

SrIrO3 modified with laminar Sr2IrO4 as a robust bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting in acidic media

Lijie Zhang et al.

Summary: The study developed a novel perovskite-structured strontium iridate for efficient and stable electrocatalysis, showing significantly low overpotential and outstanding stability for acidic water oxidation and hydrogen evolution reactions. The layered structure of strontium iridate enables stable surface iridium states, providing a new route for alleviating surface rearrangements and exploring efficient and stable electrocatalysts for hydrogen production via electrochemical water electrolysis.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Electrochemistry

Glycine-induced ultrahigh-surface-area IrO2@IrOx catalyst with balanced activity and stability for efficient water splitting

Chaekyung Baik et al.

Summary: Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is crucial for storing energy in the form of hydrogen using intermittent renewable energy. The IrOx@IrO2 catalyst with ultrahigh surface area and controlled iridium oxidation states exhibits a balanced activity and stability, enhancing the performance of PEM water electrolysis. The synthetic method can also be applied to the synthesis of other transition metal oxides.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2021)

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Article Electrochemistry

Effect of the IrOx Conductivity on the Anode Electrode/Porous Transport Layer Interfacial Resistance in PEM Water Electrolyzers

M. Bernt et al.

Summary: This study compares the performance of two catalysts in the oxygen evolution reaction, finding that the P2X catalyst shows better performance at lower Ir loading, but requires the use of a platinum-coated porous transport layer. The Benchmark catalyst is unaffected when untreated, while poor performance of MEAs with the P2X catalyst is attributed to low electrical conductivity and passivation of the Ti-PTL at the anode/PTL interface.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Oxygen-evolving catalytic atoms on metal carbides

Shuang Li et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates stabilizing single-atom catalysts on tungsten carbides for efficient oxygen evolution reaction, achieving low overpotential and high turnover frequency due to the unique structure of tungsten carbides. The application of inexpensive and durable WCx supports opens up a promising pathway to develop further single-atom catalysts for electrochemical catalytic reactions.

NATURE MATERIALS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Self-Supported Electrocatalysts for Practical Water Electrolysis

Hongyuan Yang et al.

Summary: Over the years, significant progress has been made in enhancing the efficiency of water splitting through the development of economic electrocatalysts with improved conductivity, active site accessibility, and intrinsic activity. However, the challenge remains to create earth-abundant catalysts that can meet the demands of practical water electrolysis. Self-supported electrocatalysts are considered the most suitable contenders for large-scale hydrogen generation due to their features like increased active species loading, rapid charge and mass transfer, strong affinity between catalytic components and substrates, easily controlled wettability, and enhanced bifunctional performance.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

All-in-one bipolar electrode: A new concept for compact and efficient water electrolyzers

Gaoqiang Yang et al.

Summary: The novel concept of all-in-one bipolar electrode (AIOBE) combines various components to significantly reduce the number of parts in the PEMEC, improving manufacturing efficiency and maintenance convenience. AIOBE features ultra-low ohmic resistance and high catalyst utilization, delivering a practical voltage of 1.62 V and energy efficiency of 91%, with a mass activity 14 times higher than conventional PEMECs.

NANO ENERGY (2021)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

High efficiency PEM water electrolysis: enabled by advanced catalysts, membranes, and processes

Katherine Ayers

Summary: Hydrogen is crucial for transitioning to more sustainable processes, finding applications not only in transportation but also in industrial processes and stationary applications. Renewable sources like water electrolysis are essential for decarbonization efforts. Cost reduction remains a challenge for electrolysis technologies, especially for PEM systems, but further savings are possible through technology and manufacturing advancements specific to proton exchange membrane electrolyzers.

CURRENT OPINION IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Current research in low temperature proton exchange membrane-based electrolysis and a necessary shift in focus

Shaun M. Alia

Summary: While hydrogen currently has limited use in energy markets, there is significant potential for growth in grid storage and other sectors as an energy carrier. Lowering hydrogen costs can enable electrochemical water splitting, especially with the increasing use of intermittent renewable power sources.

CURRENT OPINION IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A crystalline/amorphous CoP@CoB hierarchical core-shell nanorod array for enhanced hydrogen evolution

Peidong Shi et al.

Summary: This study successfully prepared a highly efficient catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction, demonstrating superior activity and long-term stability. The unique hierarchical core-shell structure allows for effective electron transport and abundant active sites.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Advanced electrode materials for nonaqueous calcium rechargeable batteries

Chunhong Chen et al.

Summary: Calcium-based rechargeable batteries are considered a promising technology due to the abundance of calcium, high volumetric capacity, and low reduction potential. Research focuses on electrode materials, electrolytes, performance assessment, and mechanism analysis to improve performance and understanding of calcium battery technology.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Perfecting electrocatalysts via imperfections: towards the large-scale deployment of water electrolysis technology

Shilong Jiao et al.

Summary: Hydrogen is increasingly seen as a key energy carrier in decarbonization efforts and strategies for clean energy economies. Improving the efficiency of electrocatalytic water splitting is crucial for reducing energy consumption and increasing conversion efficiency. The incorporation of multidimensional imperfections has shown promise in modulating electron distribution and speeding up electrocatalysis kinetics.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A modular design approach for PEM electrolyser systems with homogeneous operation conditions and highly efficient heat management

F. J. Wirkert et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Hierarchically Structured Porous Transport Layers for Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis

Tobias Schuler et al.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Versatile Route To Fabricate Precious-Metal Phosphide Electrocatalyst for Acid-Stable Hydrogen Oxidation and Evolution Reactions

Zonghua Pu et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Microscopic insights on the degradation of a PEM water electrolyzer with ultra-low catalyst loading

Haoran Yu et al.

APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Self-assembled RuO2@IrOx core-shell nanocomposite as high efficient anode catalyst for PEM water electrolyzer

Hong Lv et al.

APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Electrochemistry

Directly coated membrane electrode assemblies for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis

Peter Holzapfel et al.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Improving the Efficiency of PEM Electrolyzers through Membrane-Specific Pressure Optimization

Fabian Scheepers et al.

ENERGIES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Synthesis and characterisation of platinum-cobalt-manganese ternary alloy catalysts supported on carbon nanofibers: An alternative catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction

Roxana Muntean et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Temperature-dependent gas accumulation in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer porous transport layers

Ch. Lee et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Carbon-Defect-Driven Electroless Deposition of Pt Atomic Clusters for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution

Qingqing Cheng et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Robust and Stable Acidic Overall Water Splitting on Ir Single Atoms

Fang Luo et al.

NANO LETTERS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Strong Electronic Coupling between Ultrafine Iridium-Ruthenium Nanoclusters and Conductive, Acid-Stable Tellurium Nanoparticle Support for Efficient and Durable Oxygen Evolution in Acidic and Neutral Media

Junyuan Xu et al.

ACS CATALYSIS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

All-Hydrocarbon MEA for PEM Water Electrolysis Combining Low Hydrogen Crossover and High Efficiency

Carolin Klose et al.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Rational Design of an Iridium-Tungsten Composite with an Iridium-Rich Surface for Acidic Water Oxidation

Jiajian Gao et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Mesoporous Ni-rich Ni-Pt thin films: Electrodeposition, characterization and performance toward hydrogen evolution reaction in acidic media

K. Eiler et al.

APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Hydrogen Evolution Reaction-From Single Crystal to Single Atom Catalysts

Sanjin J. Gutic et al.

CATALYSTS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Simulation and experiment of heat and mass transfer in a proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell

Zhuqian Zhang et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Ag@MoS2 Core-Shell Heterostructure as SERS Platform to Reveal the Hydrogen Evolution Active Sites of Single-Layer MoS2

Junze Chen et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Amorphous MoOX-Stabilized single platinum atoms with ultrahigh mass activity for acidic hydrogen evolution

Jie Xu et al.

NANO ENERGY (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Ce-Doped IrO2 Electrocatalysts with Enhanced Performance for Water Oxidation in Acidic Media

Yahui Wang et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Artificial Neural Networks for Aging Simulation of Electrolysis Stacks

Matthias Bahr et al.

CHEMIE INGENIEUR TECHNIK (2020)

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Article Thermodynamics

Reconciling temperature-dependent factors affecting mass transport losses in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers

ChungHyuk Lee et al.

ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Ionothermal Route to Phase-Pure RuB2 Catalysts for Efficient Oxygen Evolution and Water Splitting in Acidic Media

Ding Chen et al.

ACS ENERGY LETTERS (2020)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

A review on PEM electrolyzer modelling: Guidelines for beginners

D. S. Falcao et al.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Advancing Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers with Molecular Catalysts

Biaobiao Zhang et al.

JOULE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Trifunctional Single-Atomic Ru Sites Enable Efficient Overall Water Splitting and Oxygen Reduction in Acidic Media

Xianyun Peng et al.

SMALL (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Two-dimensional multi-physics modeling of porous transport layer in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer for water splitting

Qin Chen et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

The effects of cationic impurities on the performance of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer

Na Li et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Fabrication of a Robust PEM Water Electrolyzer Based on Non-Noble Metal Cathode Catalyst: [Mo3S13]2- Clusters Anchored to N-Doped Carbon Nanotubes

Peter K. R. Holzapfel et al.

SMALL (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Iridium nanorods as a robust and stable bifunctional electrocatalyst for pH-universal water splitting

Fang Luo et al.

APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Roll-to-roll production of catalyst coated membranes for low-temperature electrolyzers

Janghoon Park et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Electrocatalysts for acidic oxygen evolution reaction: Achievements and perspectives

Zhijie Chen et al.

NANO ENERGY (2020)

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Article Electrochemistry

Effects of the Transport/Catalyst Layer Interface and Catalyst Loading on Mass and Charge Transport Phenomena in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolysis Devices

J. Lopata et al.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2020)

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Article Electrochemistry

Modeling Overpotentials Related to Mass Transport Through Porous Transport Layers of PEM Water Electrolysis Cells

Gergely Schmidt et al.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Ultrafine-Grained Porous Ir-Based Catalysts for High-Performance Overall Water Splitting in Acidic Media

Qiang Li et al.

ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Hierarchically porous nickel-iridium-ruthenium-aluminum alloys with tunable compositions and electrocatalytic activities towards the oxygen/hydrogen evolution reaction in acid electrolyte

Na Liu et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Fundamental understanding of the acidic oxygen evolution reaction: mechanism study and state-of-the-art catalysts

Zhaoping Shi et al.

NANOSCALE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Ir-Based Alloy Nanoflowers with Optimized Hydrogen Binding Energy as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting

Fan Lv et al.

SMALL METHODS (2020)

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Article Electrochemistry

Wettability effects of thin titanium liquid/gas diffusion layers in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells

Yifan Li et al.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2019)

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Article Electrochemistry

Iridium-doped ZIFs-derived porous carbon-coated IrCo alloy as competent bifunctional catalyst for overall water splitting in acid medium

Xuechu Sun et al.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2019)

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Article Thermodynamics

A novel PEMEC with 3D printed non-conductive bipolar plate for low-cost hydrogen production from water electrolysis

Gaoqiang Yang et al.

ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Superior overall water splitting electrocatalysis in acidic conditions enabled by bimetallic Ir-Ag nanotubes

Meiwu Zhu et al.

NANO ENERGY (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Single Atoms and Clusters Based Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Evolution, Oxygen Evolution Reactions, and Full Water Splitting

Siraj Sultan et al.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Stable Two-Dimensional Materials for Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution Reactions

Ankit Jain et al.

ACS ENERGY LETTERS (2019)

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Editorial Material Energy & Fuels

Considerations for the scaling-up of water splitting catalysts

Jakob Kibsgaard et al.

NATURE ENERGY (2019)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Tungsten Carbide Encapsulated in Grape-Like N-Doped Carbon Nanospheres: One-Step Facile Synthesis for Low-Cost and Highly Active Electrocatalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers

Qi Feng et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Hierarchical Nanoassembly of MoS2/Co9S8/Ni3S2/Ni as a Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting in a Wide pH Range

Yan Yang et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Long-term contamination effect of iron ions on cell performance degradation of proton exchange membrane water electrolyser

Na Li et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2019)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Material degradation of components in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolytic cell and mitigation mechanisms: A review

F. N. Khatib et al.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2019)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Enhanced Iridium Mass Activity of 6H-Phase, Ir-Based Perovskite with Nonprecious Incorporation for Acidic Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis

Lan Yang et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Pore network modelling to enhance liquid water transport through porous transport layers for polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers

J. K. Lee et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2019)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

A non-precious metal hydrogen catalyst in a commercial polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser

Laurie A. King et al.

NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (2019)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Recent advances in methods and technologies for enhancing bubble detachment during electrochemical water splitting

Ghasem Barati Darband et al.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Three-dimensional open nano-netcage electrocatalysts for efficient pH-universal overall water splitting

Zewen Zhuang et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Dynamic oxygen adsorption on single-atomic Ruthenium catalyst with high performance for acidic oxygen evolution reaction

Linlin Cao et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Regulating Electrocatalysts via Surface and Interface Engineering for Acidic Water Electrooxidation

Jieqiong Shan et al.

ACS ENERGY LETTERS (2019)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Boosting HER Performance of Pt-Based Catalysts Immobilized on Functionalized Vulcan Carbon by Atomic Layer Deposition

Wei Luo et al.

FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS (2019)

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Comprehensive investigation of novel pore-graded gas diffusion layers for high-performance and cost-effective proton exchange membrane electrolyzers

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Investigation of thin/well-tunable liquid/gas diffusion layers exhibiting superior multifunctional performance in low-temperature electrolytic water splitting

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High pressure polymer electrolyte water electrolysis: Test bench development and electrochemical analysis

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Analytical modelling and experimental validation of proton exchange membrane electrolyser for hydrogen production

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First-Row Transition Metal Based Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction under Alkaline Conditions: Basic Principles and Recent Advances

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A Fundamental Relationship between Reaction Mechanism and Stability in Metal Oxide Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution

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Carbon nanotubes decorated with nickel phosphide nanoparticles as efficient nanohybrid electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction

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Highly stable RuO2/SnO2 nanocomposites as anode electrocatalysts in a PEM water electrolysis cell

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Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis with short-side-chain Aquivion® membrane and IrO2 anode catalyst

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Investigation of supported IrO2 as electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction in proton exchange membrane water electrolyser

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Orientation-Dependent Oxygen Evolution Activities of Rutile IrO2 and RuO2

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Investigations on degradation of the long-term proton exchange membrane water electrolysis stack

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Influence of pore structural properties of current collectors on the performance of proton exchange membrane electrolyzer

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Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution: Sabatier's Principle and the Volcano Plot

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Universality in Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis on Oxide Surfaces

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One-dimensional noble metal electrocatalysts: a promising structural paradigm for direct methanol fuel cells

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High-pressure PEM water electrolysis and corresponding safety issues

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Phosphoric acid doped membranes based on Nafion®, PBI and their blends - Membrane preparation, characterization and steam electrolysis testing

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Platinum and palladium nano-particles supported by graphitic nano-fibers as catalysts for PEM water electrolysis

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Hydrogen production from a PV/PEM electrolyzer system using a neural-network-based MPPT algorithm

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Performance comparison of long and short-side chain perfluorosulfonic membranes for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell operation

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PEM water electrolyzers: From electrocatalysis to stack development

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SPE water electrolysis with SPEEK/PES blend membrane

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Numerical modeling of three-dimensional two-phase gas-liquid flow in the flow field plate of a PEM electrolysis cell

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Mathematical modeling of high-pressure PEM water electrolysis

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Solid Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolyser Based on Nafion-TiO2 Composite Membrane for High Temperature Operation

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GenHyPEM: A research program on PEM water electroysis supported by the European Commission

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Optimization of porous current collectors for PEM water electrolysers

S. A. Grigoriev et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2009)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Hydrogen safety aspects related to high-pressure polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis

S. A. Grigoriev et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2009)

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Article Electrochemistry

High temperature operation of a composite membrane-based solid polymer electrolyte water electrolyser

V. Antonucci et al.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2008)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A semiempirical study of the temperature dependence of the anode charge transfer coefficient of a 6 kW PEM electrolyzer

C. Y. Biaku et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2008)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Highly efficient high temperature electrolysis

Anne Hauch et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY (2008)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Application of polysulfone (PSf) and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) composite membranes for water electrolysis

In-Young Jang et al.

JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE (2008)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Covalently cross-linked sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/tungstophosphoric acid composite membranes for water electrolysis application

In-Young Jang et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2008)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Identification of active edge sites for electrochemical H2 evolution from MoS2 nanocatalysts

Thomas F. Jaramillo et al.

SCIENCE (2007)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Solar-powered regenerative PEM electrolyzer/fuel cell system

D Shapiro et al.

SOLAR ENERGY (2005)

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Article Electrochemistry

Dissolution of hydrogen and the ratio of the dissolved hydrogen content to the produced hydrogen in electrolyzed water using SPE water electrolyzer

Y Tanaka et al.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2003)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Influence of the acid-base characteristics of inorganic fillers on the high temperature performance of composite membranes in direct methanol fuel cells

AS Aricò et al.

SOLID STATE IONICS (2003)

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Article Electrochemistry

Nafion degradation in PEFCs from end plate iron contamination

A Pozio et al.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2003)

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Article Polymer Science

Structural evolution of water swollen perfluorosulfonated ionomers from dry membrane to solution

G Gebel

POLYMER (2000)

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