Consequences of undertreatment of hypothyroidism

PurposeTo provide an overview of consequences of undertreatment with levothyroxine (LT4) in the common non-communicable disease, hypothyroidism.MethodsNarrative review of the literature.ResultsHypothyroidism is globally very prevalent at all age groups and represents a non-communicable disease in which the risks and consequences are preventable. In children and adolescents, the most devastating consequences of undertreatment are poor growth and development. Lack of early treatment in congenital hypothyroidism can lead to permanent damage of brain function. In young to middle-aged adults, consequences are often overlooked, and treatment delayed by many years. The resulting consequences are also at this age group compromised brain and physical functioning but less severe and partly reversible with treatment. The undertreated condition often results in a higher risk of several secondary devastating diseases such as increased cardiovascular disease burden, obesity, hypertension, poor physical capacity, poor quality of life. In young women of fertile age the consequences of undertreatment with LT4 are subnormal fertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, preeclampsia, compromised fetal growth and neurocognitive development. There is a further risk of 30-50% of developing postpartum thyroiditis. In the elderly population care must be given to avoid confusing a slightly high serum TSH as result of physiological age adaptation with a requirement for LT4 treatment in a truly hypothyroid patient.ConclusionUndertreatment of the preventable non-communicable disease hypothyroidism requires more focus both from caretakers in the healthcare system, but also from the global political systems in order to prevent the personally devastating and socioeconomically challenging consequences.

Automated summary

This review provides an overview of the consequences of undertreatment with levothyroxine in hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is a common non-communicable disease that can lead to preventable risks and consequences. Undertreatment can result in poor growth and development in children and adolescents, compromised brain and physical functioning in young to middle-aged adults, and subnormal fertility and pregnancy complications in young women. Addressing the undertreatment of hypothyroidism requires more attention from healthcare providers and political systems to prevent the devastating consequences.