COVID-19 annual update: a narrative review

Three and a half years after the pandemic outbreak, now that WHO has formally declared that the emergency is over, COVID-19 is still a significant global issue. Here, we focus on recent developments in genetic and genomic research on COVID-19, and we give an outlook on state-of-the-art therapeutical approaches, as the pandemic is gradually transitioning to an endemic situation. The sequencing and characterization of rare alleles in different populations has made it possible to identify numerous genes that affect either susceptibility to COVID-19 or the severity of the disease. These findings provide a beginning to new avenues and pan-ethnic therapeutic approaches, as well as to potential genetic screening protocols. The causative virus, SARS-CoV-2, is still in the spotlight, but novel threatening virus could appear anywhere at any time. Therefore, continued vigilance and further research is warranted. We also note emphatically that to prevent future pandemics and other world-wide health crises, it is imperative to capitalize on what we have learnt from COVID-19: specifically, regarding its origins, the world's response, and insufficient preparedness. This requires unprecedented international collaboration and timely data sharing for the coordination of effective response and the rapid implementation of containment measures.

Automated summary

Three and a half years after the pandemic outbreak, COVID-19 remains a significant global issue despite the official declaration by WHO that the emergency is over. Recent genetic and genomic research on COVID-19 has focused on identifying genes affecting susceptibility and severity, providing new avenues for therapeutic approaches and potential genetic screening protocols. Continued vigilance and research are warranted as the pandemic transitions to an endemic situation, and international collaboration and timely data sharing are imperative to prevent future health crises.