The cost of direct air capture and storage can be reduced via strategic deployment but is unlikely to fall below stated cost targets

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is necessary to minimize the impact of climate change by tackling hard-to -abate sectors and historical emissions. Direct air capture and storage (DACS) is an important CDR technol-ogy, but it remains unclear when and how DACS can be economically viable. Here, we use a bottom-up en-gineering-economic model together with top-down technological learning projections to calculate plant-level cost trajectories for four DACS technologies. Our analysis demonstrates that the costs of these technologies can plateau by 2050 at around $100-600 t-CO2-1 mainly via capital cost reduction through aggressive deploy-ment, but still exceed the optimistic targets defined by countries such as the US (i.e., $100 t-CO2-1). A further analysis of existing policy mechanisms indicates that strong, project-catered policy support will be required to create market opportunities, accelerate DACS scale-up and lower the costs further. Our work suggests that strategic DACS deployment and operation must be coupled with strong policies to minimise the cost of DACS and maximise the opportunity to make a planet-scale climate impact.

Automated summary

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is essential to mitigate climate change impact, but the economic viability of direct air capture and storage (DACS) remains unclear. Through modeling and analysis, we show that the costs of DACS technologies can be reduced by aggressive deployment, but are unlikely to meet optimistic targets set by countries. Our research highlights the need for tailored policies and support to create market opportunities, accelerate scale-up, and further reduce costs of DACS.