Direct-to-Consumer Telemedicine Practices in the Health and Fertility of Men: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Purpose: Men are increasingly turning toward online direct-to-consumer (DTC) men's health platforms to fulfill their health needs. Research surrounding these platforms is lacking and the motivations and predictors underlying this online health seeking behavior is largely unknown. This review scopes the existing literature concerning DTC men's health and identifies factors influencing engagement, as well as health outcomes of this platform. Materials and Methods: A structured search was performed following PRISMA guidelines. CINAHL via EBSCO, Embase, MEDLINE via Ovid, PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science were searched. Results: Peer-reviewed quantitative and qualitative studies with a focus on demographics and characteristics of those using DTC men's health platforms, as well as studies related to patient outcomes using such platforms, were included. Ten of the 3,003 studies identified met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Four cross-sectional descriptive studies evaluated the motivations behind men's engagement with DTC platforms. Convenience, embarrassment and health motivation were identified as predominant factors associated with DTC platform use. The review identified a lack of qualitative studies, and major limitations were noted in the quantitative studies that impacted the accuracy of findings. Six further quantitative studies explored the quality of care provided by DTC platforms. DTC platforms were found to have a varying level of adherence to established clinical guidelines, but appeared to provide satisfactory patient outcomes with low levels of patient-reported side effects and adverse events. Conclusions: There is a lack of research within the DTC men's health space given the infancy of the field. Important predictors and motivations underlying men's choices in accessing these platforms have been noted across several studies. However, further studies need to be conducted to investigate the psychosocial underpinnings of this behavior. Studies across a wider variety of male health conditions treated by these platforms will also help to provide insights to guide patient-centered care within the DTC landscape.

Automated summary

Men are increasingly using online DTC men's health platforms to meet their health needs. However, the motivations and predictors of this behavior are not well understood. This review identifies factors influencing engagement and health outcomes, but further research is needed to explore the underlying psychosocial factors and a wider range of health conditions.