Diagnostic clues in a stem cell transplant patient manifested with chronic central nervous system GVHD and IRIS

Review Infectious Diseases

Viral meningitis and encephalitis: an update

Vaishnavi Gundamraj et al.

Summary: This review discusses the current epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of viral meningitis and encephalitis worldwide. The diagnosis of viral meningitis and encephalitis has increased due to the availability of molecular diagnostic techniques and serologies, but there is limited progress in novel antiviral therapies. Future efforts should focus on increasing vaccination availability, timely diagnosis and treatment of treatable viral encephalitis, and improving diagnostic yield through novel techniques such as metagenomic sequencing to avoid unnecessary antibiotic use in viral meningitis or encephalitis patients.

CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Tumefactive demyelinating disorders as stroke mimics: Description of cases and systematic review of the literature

Mantas Vaisvilas et al.

Summary: This study systematically reviewed the literature on tumefactive demyelinating disorders presenting as strokes. The results showed that 53.4% of patients were diagnosed with multiple sclerosis variants (vMS), 39.5% with inflammatory demyelinating variants (vInf), and 7.3% with tumors. Inflammatory cerebral spinal fluid parameters were more commonly observed in vInf than in vMS, and neurological deterioration and fatal outcomes were also more common in vInf. These findings highlight the importance of clinicodemographic data in recognizing different subtypes of tumefactive multiple sclerosis.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND RELATED DISORDERS (2023)

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Article Hematology

Donor bone marrow-derived macrophage MHC II drives neuroinflammation and altered behavior during chronic GVHD in mice

Rachael C. Adams et al.

Summary: This study reveals the development mechanism of chronic GVHD in the CNS after stem cell transplantation, including neuroinflammation and abnormal gene expression. The study found that donor-derived macrophages play an important role in CNS cGVHD.

BLOOD (2022)

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Editorial Material Hematology

Chronic GVHD of the CNS

Benny J. Chen

Summary: In this study, a novel mouse model of central nervous system chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is presented, and unique mediators of this understudied complication are identified.

BLOOD (2022)

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Review Pediatrics

A Review of Acute and Long-Term Neurological Complications Following Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant for Paediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

Melissa Gabriel et al.

Summary: Despite advancements in hematopoietic stem cell transplant techniques, the risk of neurological complications remains significant, especially for children and adolescents. The impact of neurotoxic drugs, radiotherapy, and neurological complications on the developing brain is still not fully understood. Further research is needed to determine the sensitivity of the nervous system to toxic insults and the long-term effects of these complications on children and adolescents.

FRONTIERS IN PEDIATRICS (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in seven patients with sarcoidosis: a critical discussion of treatment and prognosis

Maike F. Dohrn et al.

Summary: The combination of PML and sarcoidosis presents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, with PML potentially occurring as the initial sign of sarcoidosis without preceding immunosuppressive treatment, and the development of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) may indicate a poor prognosis.

THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS (2021)

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Review Biophysics