Mapping the metabolic characteristics of probiotic-fermented Ganoderma lucidum and its protective mechanism against Cd-induced nephrotoxicity

An animal model of Cd-induced kidney damage was designed to investigate the nephroprotective potential of the probiotic-fermented Ganoderma lucidum (FGL) via metabonomic analysis. The results showed that FGL enhanced sugar and amino acid metabolism. The interaction of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) and probiotics efficiently elevated short-chain fatty acid production following gut microbiota fermentation. The current data revealed that the FGL intervention alleviated Cd-induced nephrotoxicity via elevating the activity of antioxidant enzymes and decreasing the levels of pro-inflammatory and apoptotic factors. Based on transcriptome analysis, FGL intervention mediated renal dysfunction via decreasing the expressions of Nos2, Tnfsf14, S100a9, Map3k6 and Hk3, which were involved in oxidative stress, inflammatory response and the apoptosis process. The current study highlights a new approach for achieving positive nephroprotection via natural product intervention.

Automated summary

An animal model of Cd-induced kidney damage was used to investigate the nephroprotective potential of probiotic-fermented Ganoderma lucidum (FGL) through metabonomic analysis. The results showed that FGL enhanced sugar and amino acid metabolism, and the interaction between Ganoderma lucidum and probiotics increased short-chain fatty acid production through gut microbiota fermentation. FGL intervention alleviated Cd-induced nephrotoxicity by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and reducing pro-inflammatory and apoptotic factors. Transcriptome analysis revealed that FGL intervention improved renal dysfunction by decreasing the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis. This study highlights a new approach for achieving positive nephroprotection through natural product intervention.