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Article
Energy & Fuels
Kai Zhang et al.
Summary: This paper experimentally and numerically investigates the lower flammability limits (LFLs) of NH3/H2 mixtures at different initial pressures and temperatures. It is found that the LFLs of ammonia and hydrogen decrease with an increase in initial temperature, with ammonia experiencing a greater reduction. An increase in initial pressure decreases the LFL of ammonia but increases the LFL of hydrogen. The increase of H2 reduces the LFL of the NH3/H2 mixture, consistent with Le Chatelier's Law. Prediction models for LFLs of NH3, H2, and NH3/H2 mixtures under different conditions are established. The changes in OH radicals in elementary reactions play a crucial role in affecting LFLs, with specific OH reactions for NH3 and H2 contributing to their different LFLs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Fanyi Meng et al.
Summary: Adding solid inertants to metal dust is effective in reducing the risk of dust fires and explosions. However, some inertants can actually increase the fire hazard of metal dust. The physical factors causing this phenomenon are the vaporization of metal dust and the destruction of the oxide layer by the gas from the decomposition of inertants. The chemical factors are the exothermic reaction of metal dust with inertants and the combustion of gases released by the decomposition of inertants.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Qingchun Hu et al.
Summary: This article presents a systematic review on hydrogen explosions, including potential explosion scenarios and different types of hydrogen-air cloud explosion. Existing studies on hydrogen explosion, including laboratory and field testing, numerical simulation, and theoretical derivation, are reviewed. The article also discusses the challenges in simulating hydrogen-air cloud detonation and the influence of environmental factors on hydrogen-air cloud explosion.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2023)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Ailong Fan et al.
Summary: With the continuous promotion of energy saving and emission reduction policies, the development of highly efficient and low emission green ships, such as hybrid or all-electric ships, is a priority for the industry. Energy management is a key technology for coordinating the efficient working of all energy sources on board ships and is a focus of research.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Ruiguang Yu et al.
Summary: This study comprehensively investigates the pressure-temperature explosion limits of Li x (Ni 0.80 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 )O 2 (NCA) battery vent gas (BVG) using detailed chemical kinetics. The results show a Z-shaped curve for the explosion limits, indicating the dominance of H 2 in the explosion response. Additionally, increasing the state of charge (SOC) shifts the explosion limits to lower temperatures, mainly due to the increased proportion of C 2 H 4 in the BVG.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Hong Ji et al.
Summary: This paper studied the inhibitory effect of modified ABC powder driven by heptafluoropropane on methane explosion. The experimental results demonstrated that the modified ABC powder has a certain inhibitory effect on methane explosions, but the explosive suppression effect of the powder improves when heptafluoropropane is used as the driving gas.
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Tao Wang et al.
Summary: This study investigated the influence of diluted gases (N2, CO2) on the pressure and time parameters of hydrogen explosion through experimental tests. The combustion heat loss and thermodynamic state parameters were also calculated. The results demonstrate that the maximum hydrogen explosion pressure decreases and the rapid hydrogen deflagration time increases as the diluent gas content increases. The effect of dilution gas is more significant in the rich-combustion state than in the lean-combustion state. The addition of N2 and CO2 at phi = 1.0 leads to an approximate increase in heat loss per unit area by 3.23 times and 4.97 times, respectively. The thermal diffusivity remains unchanged with increasing N2 content but linearly decreases with increasing CO2 content. At phi = 0.6, an increase in CO2 content from 5% to 30% results in a 14.1% decrease in alpha. N2 has a negligible effect on the adiabatic flame temperature under the lean-combustion state. The adiabatic flame temperature decreases linearly with increasing CO2 content at different equivalence ratios, and the inhibitory effect of CO2 is significantly higher than that of N2.
Article
Thermodynamics
Ke Yang et al.
Summary: The comprehensive effects of obstacles with different slit and heptafluoropropane on the methane-air explosion characteristics were studied. The results show that the addition of heptafluoropropane accelerates flame propagation at certain concentrations, but the effect varies with different concentrations. The coupling effect of the inhibitor and the obstacle significantly enhances the suppression effect of heptafluoropropane on methane explosion.
Review
Energy & Fuels
Andres Z. Mendiburu et al.
Summary: This article provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in the understanding and determination of flammability limits for pure fuels and fuel mixtures. The importance and challenges of determining these limits are discussed, along with the theoretical, computational, and experimental methods used. The effects of various factors, such as buoyancy, thermal radiation, and flame stretch, are examined, as well as the relationship between fundamental flammability limits and extinction limits of stretched flames. Estimation methods and the flammability limits of renewable and alternative fuels are also addressed.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Kai Zhang et al.
Summary: The lower flammability limits (LFLs) of H2/NH3/CH3OH mixtures and their flame morphologies were studied experimentally under elevated pressures, temperatures, and blending ratios. The flame morphologies of LFLs were found to be mushroom-like, darkening with increased initial pressures and remaining unchanged with increased initial temperatures. Blending ratios had little effect on the flame morphologies, except for specific cases. The LFLs of the mixtures varied with different variables, such as the increase in H2 or NH3 and the pressure and concentration of CH3OH. A prediction formula for the LFLs of the mixtures was established with low average absolute and relative errors.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Tenglong Zhao et al.
Summary: A new formulation for a multicomponent powder was proposed to inhibit methane explosions, utilizing nitrogen (N2) to enhance its inhibiting effect. Experiments were conducted to investigate the synergistic inhibition mechanism of the multicomponent powder and N2. The study revealed that the N2/multicomponent powder combination exhibited greater synergistic inhibition compared to N2 or the multicomponent powder alone, reducing the amount of powder needed for complete inhibition from 600 to 350 g/m3 with 8% N2 addition. The addition of N2 further reduced flame propagation and radical production, while the multicomponent powder absorbed C-containing radicals during methane explosions, with this effect weakened by N2 inerting due to the reduction in explosion energy. Based on reaction kinetics, it was concluded that the explosion energy and combustion reaction rate were mainly affected by the powder, while flame propagation and radical production rate were mainly influenced by N2 inerting.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Rongxue Shang et al.
Summary: The lower flammability limits (LFL) of H2/CO/air mixtures with N2 and CO2 dilutions were systematically studied at various initial pressures using an 8L cylindrical vessel and metal wire fusing as an ignition source. The results showed that LFL decreased with increasing H2 fractions, and CO2 had a stronger dilution effect than N2. The LFL of diluted syngas slightly decreased with increasing initial pressures. Kondo's extended Le Chatelier's Rule provided a satisfactory estimation of LFL, and Zabetakis' logarithmic function expression showed better accuracy in predicting LFL at different initial pressures than linear regression.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Xiuting Liu et al.
Summary: In this study, the ReaxFF-MD simulation was used to investigate the combustion process of methane/hydrogen blends. The results showed that the addition of hydrogen can promote methane combustion and increase the ignition temperature, but the promoting effect weakens with the increase of hydrogen content.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2023)
Review
Thermodynamics
Pimchanok Su-ungkavatin et al.
Summary: Climate neutrality is becoming a core long-term asset in the aviation industry, with ambitious targets set for sustainable aviation technologies such as biofuels, electrofuels, electric aviation, and hydrogen aviation. This review examines the different technologies in these categories, including their process flow, co-products, market uptake, and international regulations. It also evaluates carbon-free hydrogen production and battery technologies for aviation, and provides ranking and configuration schemes for promising routes. The study highlights the challenges and opportunities associated with these technologies, while noting that a hybrid approach with fossil-based kerosene is still necessary.
PROGRESS IN ENERGY AND COMBUSTION SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xufeng Yang et al.
Summary: This study investigated the explosion characteristics of stoichiometric shale gas using a standard 20-L explosion bomb. The effects of fuel compositions and the volume fraction of ethane (or propane) on explosion parameters were examined. Results showed that the maximum explosion pressure, maximum explosion pressure rising rate, and laminar flame speed increased with the volume fraction of ethane (or propane).
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Sheng Shang et al.
Summary: This study independently designs a set of hydrogen explosion suppression equipment and examines its effects on suppressing hydrogen explosions at normal room temperature and pressure. The experimental results indicate that the actuation time and spraying mode of the equipment are the main factors causing failure. When the suppressant touches the flame front, the flame with a hydrogen equivalence ratio of 0.7 and 1.0 spreads uncontrollably, leading to enhanced flame propagation and increased pressure. However, if the initial flame is completely covered by the suppressant, the hydrogen explosion is successfully suppressed. This research provides a reliable foundation for hydrogen explosion suppression equipment in industrial safety and production protection.
JOURNAL OF LOSS PREVENTION IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Pengliang Li et al.
Summary: This study established a system to test the flammability limit of hydrogen sulfide in a high-temperature environment. The results showed that increasing the initial temperature increases the upper flammability limit and decreases the lower flammability limit of hydrogen sulfide. Moreover, the presence of sulfur vapor narrows the flammability limit range, although the effect is relatively weak.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2022)
Review
Thermodynamics
Maxwell Pisciotta et al.
Summary: The IPCC recommends keeping the global average temperature increase well below 2 degrees C, if not below 1.5 degrees C, by 2100 to avoid the worst effects of climate change. This study focuses on industrial emissions in the United States, particularly in cement, lime, glass, and steelmaking industries, which are challenging to decarbonize. The paper explores different low-carbon solutions, such as carbon capture and storage, fuel switching, and technological changes, and emphasizes the importance of adapting these strategies to the local context.
PROGRESS IN ENERGY AND COMBUSTION SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hyunhong Choi et al.
Summary: This study utilized a patent data analysis method to identify and analyze specific technology topics in various fields of hydrogen technology, and compared and analyzed the technological focus of key countries. The results of the study have important implications for hydrogen R&D strategy and decision-making.
Article
Thermodynamics
Guo-Peng Zhang et al.
Summary: This study experimentally investigated the combustion characteristics of a hydrogen-rich syngas premixed flame with different diluents. The results showed that the flame propagation speed was lower under CO2 dilution but had a higher flame acceleration effect, and as the dilution increased, the rate of pressure rise and the maximum combustion explosion pressure gradually decreased.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Rujia Fan et al.
Summary: This study experimentally and numerically investigated the effect of FM-200 on H-2/air explosion. The results showed that FM-200 enhanced the explosion at lean mixture but suppressed it at rich mixture. Furthermore, FM-200 exhibited stronger suppression effect in rich explosion, and the increase of free radicals indicated the enhancement effect of FM-200 at lean explosion.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Kai Zhang et al.
Summary: In this study, the effect of ignition, initial pressure, and temperature on the lower flammability limit (LFL) of hydrogen/air mixture was investigated through experimental and numerical methods. The results showed that increasing ignition energy decreased the LFL of hydrogen. The use of high voltage direct current power supply led to faster flame propagation compared to 15 kV high voltage transformer ignition. Increasing initial pressure raised the LFL of hydrogen, and the time to reach peak deflagration overpressure increased with the use of HVDC. On the other hand, increasing initial temperature decreased the LFL of hydrogen. The change in LFL with different ignition methods was analyzed, and the generation of OH radicals was found to contribute to the increase in LFL with increasing initial pressure.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jennifer X. Wen et al.
Summary: This paper firstly describes the data collection and validation process for the European Hydrogen Incidents and Accidents Database (HIAD 2.0), followed by the approaches used by the authors to derive lessons learned and formulate recommendations from the events. The lessons learned and recommendations have important implications for promoting and assisting the development of sound safety culture in organizations.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Xingyan Cao et al.
Summary: This experimental study focused on the inhibition effect of ultrafine water mist on hydrogen explosion inside a closed vessel. It found that the addition of mist reduced the explosion intensity and flame propagation velocity. The inhibition effect was enhanced with increasing mist concentration, but the explosion pressure did not significantly decrease beyond a certain concentration. The study also revealed that the absorption of heat by the ultrafine water mist was an important factor in inhibiting hydrogen explosion, resulting in reductions in flame temperature and propagation velocity. The inhibition effect was attributed to a combination of physical and chemical inhibitions.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhiyong Shu et al.
Summary: This study developed a model to predict LH2 spillage and validated the model's accuracy through experiments. The findings suggest that increasing crossflow velocity can reduce the danger of LH2 spillage. This study is of significance for establishing safety thresholds and standards for LH2 protection.
Review
Energy & Fuels
Chang Qi et al.
Summary: This paper reviews the historical experimental research on the flammability limit of combustible gases at elevated temperatures and pressures and examines the influence mechanism of high temperatures and high pressures. It highlights the theory, criterion, experimental studies, and current status of flammability limit prediction models for combustible gases at high temperatures and pressures, aiming to improve the accuracy of flammability limit prediction models in such conditions.
Article
Thermodynamics
M. G. Rasul et al.
Summary: This paper discusses the challenges and development directions of future hydrogen applications, including hydrogen production costs, storage systems, and infrastructure development. The study finds that green hydrogen production and metal hydride storage systems have great market potential. To achieve sustainable development goals, integrated planning, cost reduction, and accelerated infrastructure development are needed.
ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhangqiang Dong et al.
Summary: This study investigated the effects of heptafluoropropane (CF3CHFCF3) on methane-air explosions. The results revealed that the spraying range and amount of CF3CHFCF3 have a significant impact on the explosion dynamics.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Jihao Shi et al.
Summary: This study proposes an advanced neural network model for real-time forecasting of the spatiotemporal evolution of natural gas release, reducing its impact on the environment. Experimental results demonstrate that the model accurately predicts the uncertainty and boundary of the gas release, achieving high accuracy and real-time capacity.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yuxuan Xing et al.
Summary: This study proposes a novel approach for hydrogen accident risk assessment, which can effectively identify critical hazards of hydrogen refueling stations and determine the priority of risk management. Additionally, it provides safe distances for jet fire and explosion through quantitative consequence analysis.
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(2022)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Chang Qi et al.
Summary: The flammability limits of combustible gases at high temperatures and pressures are influenced by factors like thermal decomposition and slow oxidation, leading to difficulties in accurate measurements and increased explosion risk. This review examines historical experimental research and prediction models to establish and improve accuracy in predicting flammability limits under these conditions.
Article
Thermodynamics
V. I. Babushok et al.
Summary: A kinetic model is presented for the high-temperature oxidation and combustion of refrigerants R-1234yf, R-1234ze(E), and R-1243zf, showing the inhibition effects of hydrocarbon flames on combustion. The model demonstrates reasonable agreement with experimental data when the burning velocity exceeds 10 cm/s, and the effects of water vapor on burning velocity are qualitatively captured.
COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yujie Tao et al.
Summary: Recent theoretical studies have shown that termolecular chemistry can be facilitated through reactions of flame radicals or O2 with highly-energized collision complexes. This work investigated radical-radical recombination reactions induced termolecular chemistry and its impact on combustion modeling, finding that nonthermal chemistry has a noticeable impact on simulated flame speeds.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Fuyuan Yang et al.
Summary: The development and application of hydrogen energy hold promise for effectively addressing issues of energy waste and pollution in various industries, but the inherent characteristics of hydrogen make it challenging to ensure high safety during production, transportation, storage, and utilization. Therefore, key safety issues such as hydrogen leakage and diffusion, ignition, and explosion must be carefully analyzed and addressed to guarantee the safe and reliable utilization of hydrogen.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Lu-Qing Wang et al.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Zainul Abdin et al.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2020)
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Marc Prewitz et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2020)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Yunfeng Yang et al.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2020)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Alberto Boretti
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2020)
Article
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JOURNAL OF LOSS PREVENTION IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES
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Remy Mevel et al.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2019)
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JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2019)
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JOURNAL OF LOSS PREVENTION IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES
(2018)
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JOURNAL OF LOSS PREVENTION IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES
(2017)
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C. Osorio et al.
JOURNAL OF LOSS PREVENTION IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES
(2017)
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Thermodynamics
Wu Xu et al.
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(2017)
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Thermodynamics
V. I. Babushok et al.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2016)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
L. Pizzuti et al.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2016)
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Chemistry, Physical
Xueling Liu et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2014)
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INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
(2013)
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M. Kuznetsov et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2012)
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Nuclear Science & Technology
H. Cheikhravat et al.
NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY
(2012)
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Haiyan Miao et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2011)
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Engineering, Environmental
Shigeo Kondo et al.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2011)
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Chemistry, Physical
Erjiang Hu et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2009)
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Engineering, Environmental
F. Van den Schoor et al.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2008)
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Thermodynamics
F. N. Egolfopoulos et al.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE
(2007)
Article
Thermodynamics
VA Gruzdev et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS
(2002)
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KL Cashdollar et al.
JOURNAL OF LOSS PREVENTION IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES
(2000)
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Thermodynamics
BA Williams et al.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2000)
