Effect of antibiotic pre-treatment and pathogen challenge on the intestinal microbiota in mice

Background: More than 50 years after the discovery of antibiotics, bacterial infections have decreased substantially; however, antibiotics also may have negative effects such as increasing susceptibility to pathogens. An intact microbiome is an important line of defense against pathogens. We sought to determine the effect of orally administered antibiotics both on susceptibility to pathogens and on impact to the microbiome. We studied Campylobacter jejuni, one of the most common causes of human diarrhea, and Acinetobacter baumannii, which causes wound infections. We examined the effects of antibiotic treatment on the susceptibility of mice to those pathogens as well as their influence on the mouse gut microbiome. Results: In C57/BL6 mice models, we explored the effects of pathogen challenge, and antibiotic treatment on the intestinal microbiota. Mice were treated with either ciprofloxacin, penicillin, or water (control) for a 5-day period followed by a 5-day washout period prior to oral challenge with C. jejuni or A. baumannii to assess antibiotic effects on colonization susceptibility. Mice were successfully colonized with C. jejuni more than 118 days, but only transiently with A. baumannii. These challenges did not lead to any major effects on the composition of the gut microbiota. Although antibiotic pre-treatment did not modify pathogen colonization, it affected richness and community structure of the gut microbiome. However, the antibiotic dysbiosis was significantly reduced by pathogen challenge. Conclusions: We conclude that despite gut microbiota disturbance, susceptibility to gut colonization by these pathogens was unchanged. The major gut microbiome disturbance produced by antibiotic treatment may be reduced by colonization with specific microbial taxa.