期刊
WATER RESEARCH
卷 103, 期 -, 页码 276-282出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.048
关键词
Risk assessment; QMRA; Recreational water; Tropical; Adenovirus; Norovirus
资金
- Singapore National Research Foundation under Environmental & Water Technologies Strategic Research Programme
- Environment & Water Industry Programme Office (EWI) of the PUB [1002-IRIS-32 [IDD 90301/1/24], 1301-IRIS-37 [IDD 90301/ 1/65]]
- National University of Singapore
- National Environmental Research Institute (NERI)
- Public Utilities Board (PUB)
In the interest of public health and safety, this study aimed to quantify risks associated with the presence of noroviruses (NoV) and human adenoviruses (HAdV) in an urban catchment area in Singapore. Enteric viruses were quantified using QPCR. NoV were more prevalent in water samples than HAdV, and presented higher associated illness risks across all exposure scenarios. For primary contact recreation of adults and children, mean probability of illness were 0.0061 and 0.0089 for NoV, and 0.0028 and 0.0048 for HAdV. For secondary contact recreation, mean probability of illness were 0.0016 for NoV and 0.00068 for HAdV. Therefore, owing to their prevalence and associated risks, NoV are better suited as reference pathogens in recreational waters in Singapore. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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