期刊
UROLOGIC ONCOLOGY-SEMINARS AND ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS
卷 34, 期 4, 页码 205-213出版社
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.02.007
关键词
Biomarkers; Sipuleucel-T; Ipilimumab; Nivolumab; Ki-67; MDSCs; Tregs; ELISpot; Renal cell; Prostate cancer; Bladder cancer; CTCs; PSA; PSMA; IL-2; Immunoscore; Cytokines
资金
- NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA008748] Funding Source: Medline
Immunotherapy for genitourinary malignancies such as prostate, renal, and bladder cancers has experienced a resurgence since the development of 3 novel strategies: the autologous cellular product therapy, Sipuleucel-T for prostate cancer, the checkpoint inhibitors, anti cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (anti-CTLA-4), anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (anti-PD1), and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1), respectively. These agents have led to strikingly durable responses in several of these solid tumors, but their efficacy has been inconsistent. Why all solid tumors are not equal in their response to these therapies is unclear. More importantly, changes in humoral or cellular responses which may reflect changes in a tumor's biology have been limited due to differences in immune monitoring and lack of consistency in established reliable immunologic endpoints. How to design immunologic end points that reflect a meaningful effect on the cancer remains a challenge for clinical trial development. The issues faced by clinical investigators and the current state of immune monitoring are discussed. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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