A critical review of solid phase microextraction for analysis of water samples

The review summarizes applications of solid phase microextraction (SPME) for water sample analysis. Official methods and standards of SPME in water research and inter-laboratory validation are discussed. A comparison of SPME with current EPA-approved methods from several analytical aspects is presented. The review also provides some perspectives of the recent development of SPME on sampling water using artificial river systems, in the passive sampling and on-site sampling. Recently developed configuration of SPME such as thin film microextraction and high-throughput applications (e.g. when used in a 96-blade configuration) are shown. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.