Obduction triggered by regional heating during plate reorganization

The reason for obduction, or tectonic transport of oceanic lithosphere onto continents, is investigated by two-dimensional thermo-mechanical numerical modelling based on the geology of the Anatolia-Lesser Caucasus ophiolites. Heating of the oceanic domain and extension induced by far-field plate kinematics appear to be essential for the obduction of similar to 80-Ma-old oceanic crust over distances exceeding 200km. Heating of the oceanic lithosphere by mantle upwelling is evidenced by a thick alkaline volcanic series emplaced on top of the oceanic crust 10-20Ma before obduction, at the onset of Africa-Eurasia convergence. Regional heating reduced the negative buoyancy and strength of the magmatically old lithosphere. Extension facilitated the propagation of obduction by reducing the mantle lithosphere thickness, which led to the exhumation of eclogite-free continental crust previously underthrusted beneath the ophiolites. This extensional event is ascribed to far-field plate kinematics resulting from renewed Neotethys oceanic subduction beneath Eurasia.