Calibration of handheld X-ray fluorescence (XRF) equipment for optimum determination of elemental concentrations in sediment samples

Handheld X-ray fluorescence spectrometers (XRFs) represent a more practical, efficient and economic tool to determine the elemental composition of solid inorganic and organic samples than conventional analytical techniques. The objective of this work was to demonstrate that handheld XRFs could be a precise, accurate and reliable tool to analyze up to 27 different elements. This objective was accomplished through the optimization of an empirical calibration curve that, in addition to include certified reference materials (CRM), it also introduced new approaches, such as the use of solid CRM mixtures and combinations of organic and inorganic matrices. These approaches significantly increased the number of calibration points and eliminated hiatuses in the calibration curve. Several factors were evaluated before construction of the calibration curve: incidence time of the X-ray beam, type of film through which the X-ray beams reach the samples, container type, minimum sample volume and sample moisture content. Results show that single elements can be analyzed with variable exposure times or, alternatively, multielemental analyses can be carried out with a constant exposure time (180 s). Costs can be reduced by using Ziploc (R) bags as sample containers, but the number of measurable elements drops from 27 to 21, while the possibility of contamination increases. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.