Nanoscale doping profiles within CdTe grain boundaries and at the CdS/CdTe interface revealed by atom probe tomography and STEM EBIC

Segregated elements and their diffusion profiles within grain boundaries and interfaces resulting from post deposition heat treatments are revealed using atom probe tomography (APT), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and electron beam induced current (EBIC) techniques. The results demonstrate how these techniques complement each other to provide conclusive evidence for locations of space charge regions and mechanisms that create them at the nanoscale. Most importantly, a Cl dopant profile that extends similar to 5 nm into CdTe grains interfacing the CdS is shown using APT and STEM synergy, which has been shown to push the pn-junction into the CdTe layer indicative of a homojunction (revealed by STEM EBIC). In addition, Cu and CI concentrations within grain boundaries within several nms and mu ms from the CdS/CdTe interface are compared, Na segregation of <0.1% is detected, and S variations of similar to 1-3% are witnessed between CdTe grains close to the CdS/CdTe interface. The segregation and diffusion of these elements have a direct impact on the material properties, such as band gap energy and nip type properties. Optimization of the interfacial and grain boundary doping will lead to higher efficiency solar cells. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.