A miniaturized electromagnetic vibration energy harvester using flux-guided magnet stacks for human-body-induced motion

We present a miniaturized electromagnetic energy harvester (EMEH) that uses two flux-guided magnet stacks to harvest energy from common human-body-induced motions such as hand-shaking, walking, and slow running. We designed each magnet stack to increase the flux density within a given size of the harvester component, by guiding the flux lines through soft magnetic material and designed the miniaturized EMEH to up-convert the low-frequency vibration generated by human-body-induced motion to a high-frequency vibration by mechanical impact of a spring-less structure. Our use of a spring-less structure eliminates the challenges of designing a practical and reliable low-frequency (<5 Hz) oscillator. Our low-frequency oscillator couples the human-body-induced vibration to two high-frequency oscillators (electromagnetic transducer elements). Each high-frequency oscillator consists of the analyzed 2-magnet stack and customized helical compression spring. We fabricated a standard AAA battery sized prototype (3.9 cm(3)) and tested it with different human activities. We were able to generate a maximum 203 mu W, 32 mu W, and 78 mu W average power from hand-shaking, walking, and slow running motion, respectively. This miniaturized structure yields a maximum average power density of 52 mu W cm(-3). We used a rectifier and multiplier circuit as the interface between the harvester and a wearable electronic load (wrist watch) to demonstrate the feasibility and capability of powering small-scale electronic systems from human-body vibration. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.