Changes in soil microbial community structure and function associated with degradation and resistance of carbendazim and chlortetracycline during repeated treatments

The degradation characteristics of carbendazim (CBD) and chlortetracycline (CTC) in individual and combined treatments, and dynamics of soil microbial structural and functional diversity as well as their potential relations were studied during three repeated treatments using different concentrations. The results showed that the degradation half-life of CBD at concentrations of 3mg/kg and 6 mg/kg obviously increased, but that of CTC at levels of 1 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg decreased with increasing treatment frequency. Soil microbial activity and functional diversity displayed the suppression trend in CBD treatment and the suppression-recovery-stimulation trend in CTC and CBD + CTC treatments, which were consistent with the findings of decreased degradation rate of CBD and increased degradation rate of CTC. 16S amplicon sequencing analysis revealed five potentially dominant CTC-resistant microbial genera including Bacillus, Actinobacillus, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium, and Corynebacterium, which may mainly carry major facilitator superfamily transporter protein, ribosomal protection protein, and other proteins encoded by tetA, tetB, tetC, tetH, tetL, tetM, tetO, tetV, tetW, tetX, tetZ, tet33, and tet39. These five dominant genera may jointly contribute to the elevated bacterial community resistance to CTC. Our findings provided a better understanding of microbial community structure and function changes in repeatedly treated soils with CBD and CTC. (C) 2016 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.