期刊
SCIENCE
卷 352, 期 6285, 页码 604-607出版社
AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1126/science.aac8167
关键词
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资金
- Lewis-Sigler fellowship
- German Excellence Initiative via the program NanoSystems Initiative Munich
- Cluster of Excellence
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Research Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB)
- Human Frontier Science Program Fellowship
- European Research Council [340528]
- DFG Collaborative Research Center [SFB 937]
- Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM), which is part of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)
- NSF [PHY-1066203, PHY11-25915]
- NIH [R13GM085967, P50GM068763]
- European Research Council (ERC) [340528] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)
Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are not only characterized by time-independent macroscopic properties, but also satisfy the principle of detailed balance in the transitions between microscopic configurations. Living systems function out of equilibrium and are characterized by directed fluxes through chemical states, which violate detailed balance at the molecular scale. Here we introduce a method to probe for broken detailed balance and demonstrate how such nonequilibrium dynamics are manifest at the mesosopic scale. The periodic beating of an isolated flagellum from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exhibits probability flux in the phase space of shapes. With a model, we show how the breaking of detailed balance can also be quantified in stationary, nonequilibrium stochastic systems in the absence of periodic motion. We further demonstrate such broken detailed balance in the nonperiodic fluctuations of primary cilia of epithelial cells. Our analysis provides a general tool to identify nonequilibrium dynamics in cells and tissues.
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