Numerical simulations of complex yield-stress fluid flows

Viscoplasticity is characterized by a yield stress, below which the materials will not deform and above which they will deform and flow according to different constitutive relations. Viscoplastic models include the Bingham plastic, the Herschel-Bulkley model and the Casson model. All of these ideal models are discontinuous. Analytical solutions exist for such models in simple flows. For general flow fields, it is necessary to develop numerical techniques to track down yielded/unyielded regions. This can be avoided by introducing into the models a regularization parameter, which facilitates the solution process and produces virtually the same results as the ideal models by the right choice of its value. This work reviews several benchmark problems of viscoplastic flows, such as entry and exit flows from dies, flows around a sphere and a bubble and squeeze flows. Examples are also given for typical processing flows of viscoplastic materials, where the extent and shape of the yielded/unyielded regions are clearly shown. The above-mentioned viscoplastic models leave undetermined the stress and elastic deformation in the solid region. Moreover, deviations have been reported between predictions with these models and experiments for flows around particles using Carbopol, one of the very often used and heretofore widely accepted as a simple viscoplastic fluid. These have been partially remedied in very recent studies using the elastoviscoplastic models proposed by Saramito.