Nitrogen-doped carbons carbons by sustainable N- and C-containing natural resources as nonprecious catalysts and catalyst supports for low temperature fuel cells

Nitrogen-doped carbon materials represent a significant part in the field of energy conversion and storage technologies such as proton exchange membrane fuel cells and supercapacitors. The achievement of these materials by sustainable N- and C-containing natural resources using various methods, such as pyrolysis, hydrothermal and ionothermal carbonization is presented. The application of these novel materials as nonprecious catalysts and catalyst supports for low temperature fuel cells is discussed. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.