BDNF concentrations and daily fluctuations differ among ADHD children and respond differently to methylphenidate with no relationship with depressive symptomatology

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) enhances the growth and maintenance of several monoamine neuronal systems, serves as a neurotransmitter modulator and participates in the mechanisms of neuronal plasticity. Therefore, BDNF is a good candidate for interventions in the pathogenesis and/or treatment response of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We quantified the basal concentration and daily fluctuation of serum BDNF, as well as changes after methylphenidate treatment. A total of 148 children, 4-5 years old, were classified into groups as follows: ADHD group (n = 107, DSM-IV-TR criteria) and a control group (CG, n = 41). Blood samples were drawn at 2000 and 0900 hours from both groups, and after 4.63 +/- 2.3 months of treatment, blood was drawn only from the ADHD group for BDNF measurements. Factorial analysis was performed (Stata software, version 12.0). Morning BDNF (36.36 +/- 11.62 ng/ml) in the CG was very similar to that in the predominantly inattentive children (PAD), although the evening concentration in the CG was higher (CG 31.78 +/- 11.92 vs PAD 26.41 +/- 11.55 ng/ml). The hyperactive-impulsive group, including patients with comorbid conduct disorder (PHI/CD), had lower concentrations. Methylphenidate (MPH) did not modify the concentration or the absence of daily BDNF fluctuations in the PHI/CD children; however, MPH induced a significant decrease in BDNF in PAD and basal day/night fluctuations disappeared in this ADHD subtype. This profile was not altered by the presence of depressive symptoms. Our data support a reduction in BDNF in untreated ADHD due to the lower concentrations in PHI/CD children, which is similar to other psychopathologic and cognitive disorders. MPH decreased BDNF only in the PAD group, which might indicate that BDNF is not directly implicated in the methylphenidate-induced amelioration of the neuropsychological and organic immaturity of ADHD patients.