期刊
OCEAN MODELLING
卷 104, 期 -, 页码 143-170出版社
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.06.003
关键词
CORE global ocean-ice simulations; Kuroshio; Mode water; Subtropical cell; North Pacific simulations
资金
- U. S. National Science Foundation (NSF)
- NSF
- U. S. Department of Energy
- NSF Earth System Model (EaSM) (EaSM-3: Collaborative Research: Quantifying Predictability Limits, Uncertainties, Mechanisms, and Regional Impacts of Pacific Decadal Climate Variability) [1419292]
- German Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM (Regional Climate Change) project
- Research Council of Norway through the EarthClim [207711/E10]
- NOTUR/NorStore projects
- Centre for Climate Dynamics at the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
- National Science Council, Taiwan, under the Consortium for Climate Change Study (CCliCS) project [NSC-100-2119-M-001-029-MY5]
- Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research
- Italian Ministry of Environment, Land, and Sea under the GEMINA project
- Cluster of Excellence 'The Future Ocean' - DFG
- CLIVAR
- U.S. CLIVAR projects
- Division Of Ocean Sciences
- Directorate For Geosciences [1419292] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Ocean Sciences
- Directorate For Geosciences [1419215] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
We evaluate the mean circulation patterns, water mass distributions, and tropical dynamics of the North and Equatorial Pacific Ocean based on a suite of global ocean-sea ice simulations driven by the CORE-II atmospheric forcing from 1963-2007. The first three moments (mean, standard deviation and skewness) of sea surface height and surface temperature variability are assessed against observations. Large discrepancies are found in the variance and skewness of sea surface height and in the skewness of sea surface temperature. Comparing with the observation, most models underestimate the Kuroshio transport in the Asian Marginal seas due to the missing influence of the unresolved western boundary current and mesoscale eddies. In terms of the Mixed Layer Depths (MLDs) in the North Pacific, the two observed maxima associated with Subtropical Mode Water and Central Mode Water formation coalesce into a large pool of deep MLDs in all participating models, but another local maximum associated with the formation of Eastern Subtropical Mode Water can be found in all models with different magnitudes. The main model bias of deep MLDs results from excessive Subtropical Mode Water formation due to inaccurate representation of the Kuroshio separation and of the associated excessively warm and salty Kuroshio water. Further water mass analysis shows that the North Pacific Intermediate Water can penetrate southward in most models, but its distribution greatly varies among models depending not only on grid resolution and vertical coordinate but also on the model dynamics. All simulations show overall similar large scale tropical current system, but with differences in the structures of the Equatorial Undercurrent. We also confirm the key role of the meridional gradient of the wind stress curl in driving the equatorial transport, leading to a generally weak North Equatorial Counter Current in all models due to inaccurate CORE-II equatorial wind fields. Most models show a larger interior transport of Pacific subtropical cells than the observation due to the overestimated transport in the Northern Hemisphere likely resulting from the deep pycnocline. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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