Attachment of ribosomal complexes and retrograde scanning during initiation on the Halastavi arva virus IRES

Halastavi arva virus (HalV) has a positive-sense RNA genome, with an 827 nt-long 5' UTR and an intergenic region separating two open reading frames. Whereas the encoded proteins are most homologous to Dicistrovirus polyproteins, its 5' UTR is distinct. Here, we report that the HalV 5' UTR comprises small stem-loop domains separated by long single-stranded areas and a large A-rich unstructured region surrounding the initiation codon AUG(828), and possesses cross-kingdom internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity. In contrast to most viral IRESs, it does not depend on structural integrity and specific interaction of a structured element with a translational component, and is instead determined by the unstructured region flanking AUG(828). eIF2, eIF3, eIF1 and eIF1A promote efficient 48S initiation complex formation at AUG(828), which is reduced similar to 5-fold on omission of eIF1 and eIF1A. Initiation involves direct attachment of 43S preinitiation complexes within a short window at or immediately downstream of AUG(828). 40S and eIF3 are sufficient for initial binding. After attachment, 43S complexes undergo retrograde scanning, strongly dependent on eIF1 and eIF1A. eIF4A/eIF4G stimulated initiation only at low temperatures or on mutants, in which areas surrounding AUG(828) had been replaced by heterologous sequences. However, they strongly promoted initiation at AUG(872), yielding a proline-rich oligopeptide.