IQGAP1 mediates the communication between the nucleus and the mitochondria via NDUFS4 alternative splicing

Constant communication between mitochondria and nucleus ensures cellular homeostasis and adaptation to mitochondrial stress. Anterograde regulatory pathways involving a large number of nuclear-encoded proteins control mitochondrial biogenesis and functions. Such functions are deregulated in cancer cells, resulting in proliferative advantages, aggressive disease and therapeutic resistance. Transcriptional networks controlling the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes are known, however alternative splicing (AS) regulation has not been implicated in this communication. Here, we show that IQGAP1, a scaffold protein regulating AS of distinct gene subsets in gastric cancer cells, participates in AS regulation that strongly affects mitochondrial respiration. Combined proteomic and RNA-seq analyses of IQGAP1(KO) and parental cells show that IQGAP1(KO) alters an AS event of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (CI) subunit NDUFS4 and downregulates a subset of CI subunits. In IQGAP1(KO) cells, CI intermediates accumulate, resembling assembly deficiencies observed in patients with Leigh syndrome bearing NDUFS4 mutations. Mitochondrial CI activity is significantly lower in KO compared to parental cells, while exogenous expression of IQGAP1 reverses mitochondrial defects of IQGAP1(KO) cells. Our work sheds light to a novel facet of IQGAP1 in mitochondrial quality control that involves fine-tuning of CI activity through AS regulation in gastric cancer cells relying highly on mitochondrial respiration.

Automated summary

Constant communication between mitochondria and nucleus is crucial for cellular homeostasis and adaptation to mitochondrial stress. This study uncovers a novel regulatory mechanism involving alternative splicing (AS) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (CI) subunit NDUFS4, controlled by the scaffold protein IQGAP1, which affects mitochondrial respiration in gastric cancer cells. Understanding this mechanism is significant for unraveling mitochondrial quality control in gastric cancer.