Bidirectional fabric evolution in Hamelin Pool microbialites, Shark Bay, Western Australia

Hamelin Pool, Shark Bay, Western Australia hosts the world's largest and most extensive assemblages of living marine microbialites, comparable in size and shape to ancient structures found throughout the fossil record. Documented here are the internal fabrics of modern microbialites collected throughout Hamelin Pool. Mesoscale and microscale observations of microbialite polished slabs and thin section scans, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy formed the basis for a fabric classification system that combines accretionary mat type with microfabric. Accretionary mat types included pustular, smooth, colloform, as well as 'transitional' mats that are a cross between pustular and smooth mats. Mapping of fabrics in 45 microbialite heads indicated bidirectional evolution. An upward progression of fabrics corresponded to changes in mat type as the head grew upward into shallower water. A downward evolution of microfabrics occurred as surface mats transitioned into the subsurface of the microbialite structure. Downward microfabric evolution occurred as a result of early taphonomic processes, and involved a progression from the original depositional architecture to subsequent stages of Micritic Thickening, and finally, Cement Infilling. The observed bidirectional evolution of microbialite microfabrics within Hamelin Pool offers a conceptual framework for the study of modern microbialites, not simply as the sole product of accretionary mat types but rather as the combined result of the activity of surface mats and their taphonomic evolution. Early taphonomic processes induce further lithification of the microbialites which may enhance preservation potential in the geological record. Within this manuscript, we form the basis for a fabric classification system that combines accretionary mat type with microfabric. An upward progression of fabrics corresponded to changes in mat type as the head grew upward into shallower water. A downward evolution of microfabrics occurred as a result of early taphonomic processes, and involved a progression from the original depositional architecture to subsequent stages of Micritic Thickening, and finally, Cement Infilling. The observed bidirectional evolution of microbialite microfabrics within Hamelin Pool offers a conceptual framework for the study of modern microbialites, not simply as the sole product of accretionary mat types but rather as the combined result of the activity of surface mats and their taphonomic evolution.image

Automated summary

This article describes the internal structure of microbialites in Hamelin Pool, Shark Bay, Western Australia, and their evolution process. Observations and analysis of microbialite samples reveal the relationship between accretionary mat type and microfabric, and present a conceptual framework for understanding the evolution of modern microbialites.