Macrophages are essential for maintaining a M2 protective response early after ischemic brain injury

Resident microglia and recruited macrophages are major contributors to the post-ischemic inflammatory response. Initially considered functionally homogeneous populations, data now suggest distinct but still controversial roles after brain injury. Using a model of conditional monocyte/macrophage depletion we studied the contribution of these myeloid cells to brain lesion progression after ischemia, and their influence on the ischemic inflammatory environment. Male CD11b-DTR transgenic mice, expressing the human diphtheria toxin receptor under the control of the CD11b promoter, were treated with diphtheria toxin to induce monocyte/macrophage depletion. Twenty four hours later the middle cerebral artery was permanently occluded. The ischemic lesion was measured 24 h after injury. At the same time microglia and macrophage activation and polarization were assessed by quantitative immunohistochemistiy and confocal microscopy for CD45(high), CD11b, CD68, CD16/32, iNOS, Arg1, Ym1, and CD206, and gene expression was investigated on CD11b(+) sorted cells. Depletion of monocytes/macrophages worsened the ischemic lesion within 24 h after the ischemic insult. This effect was associated with higher M1/M2 polarization ratio in the ischemic lesion. Moreover, depletion increased the expression of M1 phenotypic markers on CD11 b positive cells. Gene expression on CD11b+ sorted cells indicated a selective increase of iNOS and lower Argl mRNA expression than in non depleted mice. Depletion of monocytes/macrophages increases the ischemic lesion, an effect accompanied by an increase in the M1/M2 polarization ratio of microglia and macrophages in the ischemic area. Thus in ischemic injury recruited monocytes/macrophages may control an excessive M1 pro-inflammatory response, suggesting their ability to drive M2 protective polarization. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.