Ecological Momentary Assessment of Midlife Adults' Daily Stress: Protocol for the Stress Reports in Variable Environments (STRIVE) App Study

Background: Daily stressors are associated with cognitive decline and increased risk of heart disease, depression, and other debilitating chronic illnesses in midlife adults. Daily stressors tend to occur at home or at work and are more frequent in urban versus rural settings. Conversely, spending time in natural environments such as parks or forests, or even viewing nature-themed images in a lab setting, is associated with lower levels of perceived stress and is hypothesized to be a strong stress buffer, reducing perceived stress even after leaving the natural setting. However, many studies of daily stress have not captured environmental contexts and relied on end-of-day recall instead of in-the-moment data capture. With new technology, these limitations can be addressed to enhance knowledge of the daily stress experience.Objective: We propose to use our novel custom-built Stress Reports in Variable Environments (STRIVE) ecological momentary assessment mobile phone app to measure the experience of daily stress of midlife adults in free-living conditions. Using our app to capture data in real time will allow us to determine (1) where and when daily stress occurs for midlife adults, (2) whether midlife adults' daily stressors are linked to certain elements of the built and natural environment, and (3) how ecological momentary assessment measurement of daily stress is similar to and different from a modified version of the popular Daily Inventory of Stressful Events measurement tool that captures end-of-day stress reports (used in the Midlife in the United States [MIDUS] survey).Methods: We will enroll a total of 150 midlife adults living in greater Indianapolis, Indiana, in this study on a rolling basis for 3-week periods. As those in underrepresented minority groups and low-income areas have previously been found to experience greater levels of stress, we will use stratified sampling to ensure that half of our study sample is composed of underrepresented minorities (eg, Black, American Indian, Hispanic, or Native Pacific Islanders) and approximately one-third of our sample falls within low-, middle-, and high-income brackets.Results: This project is funded by the National Institute on Aging from December 2022 to November 2024. Participant enrollment began in August 2023 and is expected to finish in July 2024. Data will be spatiotemporally analyzed to determine where and when stress occurs for midlife adults. Pictures of stressful environments will be qualitatively analyzed to determine the common elements of stressful environments. Data collected by the STRIVE app will be compared with retrospective Daily Inventory of Stressful Events data. Conclusions: Completing this study will expand our understanding of midlife adults' experience of stress in free-living conditions and pave the way for data-driven individual and community-based intervention designs to promote health and well-being in midlife adults.

Automated summary

This study aims to assess the daily stress experience of midlife adults in free-living conditions using the mobile app STRIVE. Real-time data collection will be conducted to determine the locations and timing of daily stress and to examine the association between stress and environmental factors. The results of this study are crucial for designing individual and community-based interventions to promote the health and well-being of midlife adults.