Regional ochre procurement in the prehistoric American Bottom

Ochre has been used for a variety of cultural items worldwide including its use as pigments, polishing tools, medicines, and formal lithic tools such as axes and plummets. Though ochre use in prehistoric North America was commonplace, geochemical analyses of archaeological assemblages typically have focused upon ceramics and stone tools, with ochre treated as a secondary artifact. In the American Bottom, recent limited studies have investigated ochre usage in Late Archaic (3000 - 1000 BCE) and Middle Woodland (150 BCE - 400CE) contexts with inconclusive results. However, the authors suggested that archaeological ochres found in East Central Missouri may have originated within the Meramec River Valley. In this current study, data from previous archaeological and source ochre analyses are combined with similarly dated artifacts from the Verkamp Rockshelter in the Meramec River Valley and additional archaeological samples from five sites in the region. To establish a regional assessment, neutron activation analysis (NAA) and multivariate statistical analysis was utilized to examine geochemical relationships across the region. Results identified distinct compositional differences between archaeological samples from the St. Louis region versus samples collected at Verkamp Rockshelter. Beyond this, no other correlations could be found between chemistry and collection locale. When compared to the available geological source samples from the area, the archaeological samples from the St. Louis region remain distinct, while Meramec River Valley deposits are somewhat compositionally similar to artifacts from Verkamp Rockshelter. This suggests differential acquisition between the two areas.

Automated summary

This article investigates the use of ochre in the United States and examines the differences in ochre samples from different regions through geochemical analysis. The results show distinct compositional differences between ochre samples from the St. Louis region and Verkamp Rockshelter, while ochre samples from the Meramec River Valley are somewhat similar to artifacts from Verkamp Rockshelter, suggesting differential acquisition between the two areas.