Political connections, environmental violations and punishment: Evidence from heavily polluting firms

Using hand-collected data on violations of environmental regulations by heavily polluting firms in China, we examine the relationship between political connections and the probability of punishment for breach of such regulations. To this end, we exploit a regulatory reform, the enactment of Rule 18, a key component of China's anti-corruption campaign, which required politically connected independent directors to resign from their po-sitions. Using difference-in-differences specifications, we find that firms from which politically connected di-rectors resigned due to Rule 18 experience a significant increase in both the likelihood of ever being punished for environment-related violations and the frequency of punishment. The effect of Rule 18 is more pronounced among firms located in regions with less efficient judicial systems and higher levels of corruption, as well as firms that are not state-owned. Our evidence indicates that in the absence of effective regulation, political connections can be costly to the environment as they strongly affect the enforcement of environmental regulations.

Automated summary

Using hand-collected data on violations of environmental regulations, this study investigates the impact of political connections on punishment for breach of such regulations in China. The enactment of Rule 18, which required politically connected independent directors to resign, was used as a regulatory reform to analyze the relationship. The results show that firms from which politically connected directors resigned experience increased likelihood and frequency of punishment for environment-related violations.