4.4 Review

Recent progress in thermally activated delayed fluorescence dendrimers for solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes

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Thermally activated delayed fluorescence dendrimers with AIE property and functional dendrons for high-efficiency solution-processed white OLEDs

Kaizhi Zhang et al.

Summary: In this study, two Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) materials, TRZCz-Cz and TRZCz-Bz, were designed and synthesized to investigate the distinction of different encapsulations for an identical emissive core. The results showed that despite similar photophysical properties, the blue phosphorescent OLEDs using TRZCz-Cz as the host achieved the highest current efficiency and external quantum efficiency, leading to the fabrication of high-efficiency white OLEDs.

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Enabling Record-high Deep-Red/Near-Infrared Electroluminescence Through Subtly Managing Intermolecular Interactions of a Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter

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Summary: To achieve deep-red/near-infrared emission in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), intermolecular interactions of red emitters are usually required, but these interactions often lead to efficiency declines. In this study, an advanced method of managing intermolecular interactions of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters was proposed. This work provides instructive guidance for manipulating the intermolecular interactions of red TADF emitters and will contribute to the development of high-performance DR/NIR OLEDs in the future.

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Constructing High-Efficiency Orange-Red Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Polymers by Excited State Energy Levels Regulation via Backbone Engineering

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Summary: A series of orange-red thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) polymers with dibenzothiophene (DBT) and carbazole (Cz) units as joint backbones were synthesized. The performance of these polymers was successfully optimized by regulating the connection positions of DBT units through backbone engineering. The optimal polymer, pNAI3705, exhibited a better excited state nature and achieved a photoluminescence quantum yield of 60%. The resulting organic light-emitting diodes based on pNAI3705 showed a maximum external quantum efficiency of 20.16%, making it among the top-tier orange-red polymers.

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Versatile Host Materials for Both D-A-Type and Multi-Resonance TADF Emitters toward Solution-Processed OLEDs with Nearly 30% EQE

Nengquan Li et al.

Summary: This study discovered two new host materials, 3CzAcPy and 9CzAcPy, which have high triplet energy levels, thermal stability, and excellent film morphology for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The isomeric effect of the host materials has a significant impact on the properties and performance of solution-processed TADF OLEDs. The new hosts achieved state-of-the-art device performance for both donor-acceptor type and multi-resonance TADF emitters.

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Charge Transfer Excited State Promoted Multiple Resonance Delayed Fluorescence Emitter for High-Performance Narrowband Electroluminescence

Zhongyan Huang et al.

Summary: Multipleresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF)emitters with a multichannel reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) pathway were developed using an orthogonal linking strategy. The resulting emitter, CzBN3, showed a 23-fold increase in RISC rate, high photoluminescence quantum yield, and narrow emission spectrum. This design strategy enabled high maximum external quantum efficiency and reduced efficiency roll-off in the device. The state-of-the-art electroluminescent performance validates the superiority of this molecular design strategy.

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Guoyun Meng et al.

Summary: Efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescent emitters require a small singlet-triplet energy gap and a large oscillator strength. By attaching an multiresonance-acceptor onto a sterically-uncrowded donor, the authors achieved a device efficiency of 40.4%.

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Summary: Three highly efficient blue and deep-blue delayed fluorescence materials with excellent electroluminescence performance were reported. They exhibit superb blue and deep-blue electroluminescence and were successfully used as sensitizers for high-performance deep-blue and green hyperfluorescence OLEDs.

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Guimin Zhao et al.

Summary: The nimble utilization of regioisomerism concept is important in the organic optoelectronic field to create high-performance materials concisely. However, the relationship between binding mode and molecular property is still not well understood, hindering efficient creation of desirable materials. In this study, three regioisomeric emitters with obvious thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and aggregation-induced emission characteristics are reported. The bonding positions are closely correlated with molecular electrostatic potential, emissive wavelength, reverse intersystem crossing process, and exciton utilization efficiency. Fully solution processable organic light emitting diodes demonstrate the uniqueness of these isomers in device performance, highlighting their significant status as non-doped emitters and TADF sensitizers in a multi-resonance system, achieving a maximum external quantum efficiency of 20.8% and a narrow full width at half maximum of 29 nm.

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Indirect Control of Donor/Acceptor Interactions for Highly Efficient Space-Confined Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters

Zi-Qi Feng et al.

Summary: This study reports two TSCT-TADF emitters and successfully enhances their luminescent properties by controlling the molecular configuration without directly modifying the donor or acceptor. The emitter with the fluorine moiety exhibits more evident electrostatic repulsive force onto the central structure, resulting in higher external quantum efficiency.

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Phosphine-Oxide-Balanced Intra- and Interchain Through-Space Charge Transfer in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Polymers: Beyond 30% External Quantum Efficiency

Ying Xin et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates an effective strategy to achieve balanced intra- and interchain charge transfer in non-conjugated copolymers by optimizing the inductive and steric effects of the acceptors, resulting in greatly enhanced performance of thermally activated delayed fluorescence polymers.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2023)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Asymmetrical-Dendronized TADF Emitters for Efficient Non-doped Solution-Processed OLEDs by Eliminating Degenerate Excited States and Creating Solely Thermal Equilibrium Routes

Chensen Li et al.

Summary: The mechanism of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in dendrimers is not clear. This study focuses on fully-conjugated or fully-nonconjugated structures and their impact on TADF efficiency. The researchers synthesized asymmetrical half-dendronized and half-dendronized-half-encapsulated emitters to eliminate degenerate excited states and enhance the spin-flip process. By utilizing a encapsulating tricarbazole unit, nonradiative decay is reduced and TADF performance is improved. The non-doped solution-processed devices achieved high external quantum efficiency (EQE) with low efficiency roll-off at different brightness levels.

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Highly efficient blue all-solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes based on the strategy of constructing a thermally cross-linkable TADF dendrimer

Kaiyong Sun et al.

Summary: By designing and synthesizing new cross-linkable thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) dendrimer molecules, a blue all-solution-processed organic light-emitting diode (OLED) was developed. The use of DVCz-3CzCN molecule was found to form stable and uniform thin films, effectively suppressing triplet exciton concentration quenching.

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Dendrimers that Underpin High-Efficiency Host-Free Solution-Processed Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

Dianming Sun et al.

Summary: This work presents a solution to the challenge of developing high-performance solution-processed OLEDs by using highly efficient TADF dendrimers as emitters. By incorporating meta- and para-connected donor dendrons about a central triazine acceptor, the conflicting requirements of achieving a small Delta E-ST and a large oscillator strength are resolved. The solution-processed OLEDs exhibit excellent external quantum efficiency, current efficiency, and power efficiency, making them the most efficient host-free solution-processed OLEDs reported to date. Further optimization of the charge balance within the devices leads to improved efficiency rolloff at higher luminance.

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Investigating the donor:acceptor ratio in thermally activated delayed fluorescence light-emitting macromolecules

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Summary: We report the synthesis of solution-processable branched thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) macromolecules with a 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine acceptor (A) core and one, two, or three 3,6-diphenylamine carbazole donors (D). Increasing the number of donors was found to red shift the emission from green to orange. The materials were all found to have TADF character. The charge transfer emission from the materials was broad and featureless at both room and low temperature, and the photophysical properties were strongly dependent on the medium in which they were measured. The neat films of the materials showed charge mobility dependent on the number of donor units. Simple solution processed two-layer OLEDs composed of the compounds and a host material exhibited high external quantum efficiencies and luminance.

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Regiochemistry of Donor Dendrons Controls the Performance of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Dendrimer Emitters for High Efficiency Solution-Processed Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

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Orange-red and saturated red thermally activated delayed fluorescent dendrimers for non-doped solution-processed OLEDs

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