Fluorescent Probes for Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase: Mechanistic Analysis, Construction Strategies, and Future Perspectives

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Space-Dependent 'Enzyme-Substrate' Type Probe based on 'Carboxylesterase-Amide Group' for Ultrafast Fluorescent Imaging Orthotopic Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Ying Wen et al.

Summary: This study developed a new fluorescent probe that can rapidly and selectively detect human carboxylesterase as a potential biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma, improving the accuracy of diagnosis.

ADVANCED SCIENCE (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Modulating the Chemical Reactivity of Gold Complexes in Living Systems: From Concept to Biomedical Applications

Jia Jiang et al.

Summary: Research on the chemistry of gold has advanced rapidly in recent decades, but translating this chemistry into living systems is challenging due to the presence of concentrated nucleophiles and reductants that can bind and quench the active gold species. Modulating the reactivity of gold complexes and activating their bioactivity at target sites is crucial for developing gold complexes for biomedical applications. Various strategies, such as structure modification, GSH-responsive prodrugs, photoactivatable prodrugs, and bioorthogonal activation, have been explored to overcome these challenges and improve the therapeutic potential of gold complexes.

ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Next Generation Gold Drugs and Probes: Chemistry and Biomedical Applications

R. Tyler Mertens et al.

Summary: Gold drugs such as Myocrisin, Solganal, and Ridaura are used in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. However, the development of new gold complexes has been slow. Repurposing the drug Ridaura for different diseases has led to the development of new gold complexes based on unique mechanisms. Various chemical methods for preparing stable gold complexes and their mechanisms have been explored for therapeutic purposes. This review focuses on the development of gold agents in biomedicine, providing readers with an overview of their utility and mechanism of action.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Tumor killing by a dietary curcumin mono-carbonyl analog that works as a selective ROS generator via TrxR inhibition

Xuefeng Liu et al.

Summary: Compared to normal cells, cancer cells have intrinsic oxidative stress, making them more susceptible to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by pro-oxidative anticancer agents (PAAs). However, PAAs also generate ROS in normal cells, limiting their clinical application due to narrow therapeutic window and toxic side effects. In this study, a selective ROS-generating agent, 2c, was designed using three series of dietary curcumin analogs. It showed potent selectivity in killing non-small cell lung cancer cells and inhibited tumor growth in mice. This work highlights a practical strategy of targeting thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) overexpressed in cancer cells to develop PAAs capable of generating ROS selectively.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Discovery of novel hydroxyamidine based indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) dual inhibitors

Ji Zhou et al.

Summary: Novel dual inhibitors targeting indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) were designed to combine immunotherapy and metabolic antitumor effects. Compound ZC0109 exhibited excellent inhibitory activity against both IDO1 and TrxR1, leading to ROS-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. In vivo experiments demonstrated ZC0109's remarkable anti-tumor effect, ability to reduce kynurenine level, and restoration of anti-tumor immune response.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Tumor-Targeting NHC-Au(I) Complex Induces Immunogenic Cell Death in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Zhibin Yang et al.

Summary: In this study, a series of novel NHC-Au(I) complexes derived from 4,5-diarylimidazole and glycyr-rhetinic acid (GA) were designed and synthesized. Among them, complex 4C exhibited excellent tumor targeting and antitumor activity, inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Furthermore, 4C effectively inhibited TrxR enzyme activity, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression, disrupted redox homeostasis, caused mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and led to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in HCC cells. Importantly, 4C showed a strong ICD-inducing effect in a vaccination mouse model and activated antitumor immunity in a tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mouse model, consistent with the in vitro results. In conclusion, Au(I) complexes with HCC-targeted capability have the potential for effective tumor immunotherapy.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Puromycin Prodrug Activation by Thioredoxin Reductase Overcomes Its Promiscuous Cytotoxicity

Bingbing Chang et al.

Summary: Overexpression of the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) in malignant tissues is important for various tumors. The antibiotic puromycin (Puro) is a useful tool in biomedical studies due to its well-defined action mechanism. However, its nonselective cytotoxicity limits its therapeutic applications. This study constructs and evaluates two Puro prodrugs, S1-Puro and S2-Puro, with different activation mechanisms to enhance the therapeutic potential of Puro.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Cancer Cell-Specific Fluorescent Prodrug Delivery Platforms

Siyue Ma et al.

Summary: Targeted fluorescent prodrugs that efficiently accumulate in tumor cells in different organs have shown great potential in improving drug targeting efficacy for tumor therapy. In this review, the development of innovative targeted fluorescent prodrugs for lung cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, glioma, and colorectal cancer is highlighted. The latest progress in chemical design and synthetic considerations, as well as the activation of therapeutic efficacy and fluorescence by tumor-specific stimuli, are reviewed. Furthermore, novel perspectives on engineered nanoparticle platforms and their use in monitoring the delivery of therapeutic agents in preclinical models are provided.

ADVANCED SCIENCE (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Cyclic Dichalcogenides Extend the Reach of Bioreductive Prodrugs to Harness Thiol/Disulfide Oxidoreductases: Applications to seco- Duocarmycins Targeting the Thioredoxin System

Jan G. Felber et al.

Summary: Researchers have developed the first antitumor prodrugs designed to be activated by thiol-manifold oxidoreductases, specifically targeting the thioredoxin system. These prodrugs show potential for specific bioreduction-based drug release, providing a chemically novel class of bioreductive prodrugs against a previously unaddressed reductase chemotype.

ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE (2023)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Synthesis and discovery of Baylis-Hillman adducts as potent and selective thioredoxin reductase inhibitors for cancer treatment

Yi-Lin He et al.

Summary: This study reports the design and synthesis of a series of Baylis-Hillman adducts, among which a typical adduct showed superior cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells. The selected typical adduct was found to selectively target TrxR in HepG2 cells, leading to the disruption of intracellular redox homeostasis. It also arrested the cell cycle and significantly restrained the metastasis of HepG2 cells. These findings suggest that the selected typical adduct, as well as other Baylis-Hillman skeleton-bearing compounds, hold promise as candidate or ancillary agents for the treatment of various cancers.

BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

A dual-channel fluorogenic probe for simultaneous and distinguishable imaging of protein monothiols and vicinal-dithiols in live cells

Wei Gao et al.

Summary: In this study, a fluorogenic probe capable of simultaneously detecting protein monothiols and vicinal-dithiols in live cells has been developed. The probe responds to these thiol species in different fluorescence channels and can exclude interference from high abundant small biothiols such as glutathione.

DYES AND PIGMENTS (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

A fluorescent probe for specifically measuring the overall thioredoxin and glutaredoxin reducing activity in bacterial cells

Xin Zuo et al.

Summary: This study found that TRFS-green can be used as a probe to measure the overall activities of Trxs and Grxs in bacteria. The contributions of different Trxs and Grxs to cellular redox regulation were clarified using Trx and Grx null mutant strains, and it was found that E.coli Grx2 and Grx3 exhibited higher reducing capability.

ANALYST (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Activity-based NIR fluorescent probes based on the versatile hemicyanine scaffold: design strategy, biomedical applications, and outlook

Haidong Li et al.

Summary: The discovery of hemicyanine dyes as near-infrared fluorescent chromophores has significant implications in detection, bioimaging, and medical therapeutic applications. These dyes possess superior optical properties and structural tailorability, making them promising tools for monitoring biomolecules and diagnosing diseases.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Activatable fluorescent probes for in situ imaging of enzymes

Xiaofeng Wu et al.

Summary: This article summarizes the methods for in situ imaging of enzymes using activatable fluorescent probes, and proposes that fluorescent probes with both activatable and in situ properties will facilitate high-resolution studies of enzymes in living systems.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Thioredoxin reductase 1 inhibitor shikonin promotes cell necroptosis via SecTRAPs generation and oxygen-coupled redox cycling

Yue Zhang et al.

Summary: Shikonin induces cancer cell death by inhibiting the antioxidant activity of selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1). Shikonin modification of TrxR1 leads to the production of superoxide anions and ROS-dependent necroptosis. KEAP1-mutant NSCLC cells exhibit resistance to shikonin, but NADPH depletion or inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) can overcome this resistance.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Inhibition of thioredoxin reductase by natural anticancer candidate β-lapachone accounts for triggering redox activation-mediated HL-60 cell apoptosis

Junmin Zhang et al.

Summary: This study found that beta-Lapachone can selectively kill human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells by inhibiting TrxR and increasing oxidative stress. Overexpression of TrxR reduced the effectiveness of beta-Lapachone, while knockdown of the enzyme increased its cytotoxicity. This discovery contributes to the understanding of the mechanism of action of beta-Lapachone and supports its potential as an anticancer drug candidate.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Carbon Dots: An Excellent Fluorescent Probe for Contaminant Sensing and Remediation

M. P. Ajith et al.

Summary: This article introduces the application of nanomaterials in environmental remediation. Quantum dots and carbon dots are the promising materials that have been extensively studied. Carbon dots have advantages over quantum dots, with characteristics such as non-toxicity and chemical inertness, and can be prepared from low-cost and environmentally compactable materials.

SMALL (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A Fluorescent Probe to Detect Quick Disulfide Reductase Activity in Bacteria

Ying Zhao et al.

Summary: The Trx and Grx systems are critical disulfide reductase systems in cell activities, with significant differences between prokaryotes and mammals. Fast-TRFS can be utilized to detect cellular disulfide reducibility in bacteria, where Trx system is shown to be the predominant enzyme for fast disulfide reduction.

ANTIOXIDANTS (2022)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibition for Cancer Therapy

Radosveta Gencheva et al.

Summary: Cytosolic selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) and mitochondrial TrxR2 (TXNRD2) can be inhibited by a wide range of electrophilic compounds, which may have important implications for cancer therapy.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Functions of Thioredoxin 1 in Neurodegeneration

Maher Un Nisa Awan et al.

Summary: Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) plays crucial roles in neuroprotection by promoting neuronal growth and cell survival, making it a potential target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Fast Imaging of Mitochondrial Thioredoxin Reductase Using a Styrylpyridinium-Based Two-Photon Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe

Yong-Peng Yang et al.

Summary: This study developed a fast imaging probe for mitochondrial TrxR2 and visualized the increased activity of TrxR2 in cancer cells, as well as the decreased activity in Parkinson's disease and ischemic stroke.

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Rheumatoid arthritis drug sinomenine induces apoptosis of cervical tumor cells by targeting thioredoxin reductase in vitro and in vivo

Dongzhu Duan et al.

Summary: Sinomenine, a new inhibitor for TrxR, demonstrates anticancer activity by decreasing thiols content, increasing reactive oxygen species levels, and inducing oxidative stress-mediated cancer cell apoptosis. Knockdown of TrxR1 enhances cell sensitivity to sinomenine.

BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Michael acceptor-dependent pro-oxidative intervention against angiogenesis by [6]-dehydroshogaol, a pungent constituent of ginger

Xuefeng Liu et al.

Summary: This study found that 6-DHS, a compound found in ginger, has antiangiogenic activity and its ability to inhibit angiogenesis is dependent on the presence and number of Michael acceptor units. 6-DHS inhibits angiogenesis by generating reactive oxygen species, which is important for preventing tumor growth and metastasis.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Progress and perspective on hydrogen sulfide donors and their biomedical applications

Zi-Long Song et al.

Summary: This review categorizes and describes H2S donors and comprehensively discusses their release mechanisms, biological applications, and therapeutic values. It also analyzes the drawbacks of typical H2S donors and proposes future development directions.

MEDICINAL RESEARCH REVIEWS (2022)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Expanding the armory for treating lymphoma: Targeting redox cellular status through thioredoxin reductase inhibition

Sicong Wang et al.

Summary: This review discusses the upregulation of Nrf-2 regulated antioxidant systems in lymphomas and their association with multiple signaling pathways involved in lymphoma development and progression. Targeting antioxidant systems, especially TrxR, may represent a new therapeutic approach for lymphoma.

PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Oncology

Thioredoxin reductase: An emerging pharmacologic target for radiosensitization of cancer

Raghavendra S. Patwardhan et al.

Summary: This article reviews the potential utility of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibitors in radiotherapy, highlighting that inhibiting TrxR can enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy but may also have negative effects on normal cells.

TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cyclic 5-membered disulfides are not selective substrates of thioredoxin reductase, but are opened nonspecifically

Jan G. Felber et al.

Summary: The study reveals that 1,2-dithiolane probes are nonspecifically reduced by a range of thiol reductants and are not sensitive to TrxR modulation, thus they are unsuitable as cellular probes for TrxR.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mecheliolide elicits ROS-mediated ERS driven immunogenic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma

Zhongren Xu et al.

Summary: Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is an immunostimulatory form of cell death that can reengage the tumor-specific immune system. This study identified micheliolide as a potential ICD inducer and showed that its effects were mediated by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS).

REDOX BIOLOGY (2022)

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Editorial Material Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Chemical probes of redox enzymes by rational, reactivity-based design

Lukas Zeisel

Summary: Lukas completed his undergraduate studies at LMU Munich, Germany, and conducted additional research internships at the University of California, Berkeley, and Bayer Pharmaceuticals. In his PhD research with Oliver Thorn-Seshold (LMU), he is focusing on developing chemical tools using rational reactivity-based design to visualize, modulate, and exploit cellular oxidoreductase activity in vivo. Besides his academic pursuits, Lukas is passionate about mountaineering, football, basketball, as well as vectorial graphics and Pokemon.

CHEM (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Selective cellular probes for mammalian thioredoxin reductase TrxR1: Rational design of RX1, a modular 1,2-thiaselenane redox probe

Lukas Zeisel et al.

Summary: This study developed a chemical probe for mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), which is resistant to thiol reductants in cells and releases specific cargos. The probe showed specific sensitivity to cytosolic TrxR1 and performed well in TrxR1-dependent cellular assays. This lays the foundation for in vivo imaging of TrxR1 activity in health and disease, and provides a theoretical basis for the rational design of probes for other key players in redox biology.

CHEM (2022)

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Editorial Material Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Selenium is the chalcogen of choice for selective reporting of thioredoxin reductase activity

Jason Johansen-Leete et al.

Summary: In this study, a highly selective selenylsulfide probe was developed for monitoring thioredoxin reductase activity in live cells using a rational design approach. The thioredoxin system plays a critical role in the regulation of redox processes across eukaryotes.

CHEM (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Piperlongumine Inhibits Thioredoxin Reductase 1 by Targeting Selenocysteine Residues and Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Erastin

Yijia Yang et al.

Summary: This study investigated the inhibitory effect of piperlongumine on TXNRD1 and its molecular mechanism, and revealed the potential possibility of inhibiting TXNRD1 to enhance cancer cell death.

ANTIOXIDANTS (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Analytical

Two-photon fluorescent probes for quantitative bio-imaging analysis in live tissues

Vinayak Juvekar et al.

Summary: Two-photon microscopy is an important tool for deep-tissue imaging, providing high-resolution fluorescence images beyond millimeter depths. Recent research has focused on developing innovative strategies and probes for quantitative analysis using two-photon fluorescence.

TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Thioredoxin reductase selenoproteins from different organisms as potential drug targets for treatment of human diseases

Radosveta Gencheva et al.

Summary: Human thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) plays a central role in various human diseases, and pharmacological modulation of TrxR could be a promising treatment strategy. Inhibiting TrxR not only can treat human diseases, but also selectively kill parasites, providing a potential solution for drug resistance.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Biotin-Targeted Au(I) Radiosensitizer for Cancer Synergistic Therapy by Intervening with Redox Homeostasis and Inducing Ferroptosis

Zhibin Yang et al.

Summary: We have developed a novel biotin-targeted gold(I) complex with high selectivity and a unique mechanism for tumor targeting therapy. This complex shows remarkable inhibition of cancer cells and is more effective than the commonly used auranofin. It also acts as a potent radiosensitizer with selective anticancer effects. The complex intervenes in redox homeostasis and induces ferroptosis death, sensitizing tumor cells to radiotherapy.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recent Advances in Near-Infrared-II Fluorescence Imaging for Deep-Tissue Molecular Analysis and Cancer Diagnosis

Xiangdan Meng et al.

Summary: Fluorescence imaging with high sensitivity and minimal invasiveness has attracted great attention for visualized monitoring and evaluation of cancer progression. The second near-infrared (NIR-II) optical window provides deeper tissue penetration and higher temporal-spatial resolution, making it suitable for deep-tissue in vivo imaging and real-time monitoring of cancer development. Various multifunctional NIR-II fluorophores have been developed for sensitive in vivo imaging of biomarkers and visualization of cancer treatment. This review highlights the advantages of NIR-II fluorescence imaging in real-time visualization of tumors and cancer diagnosis, as well as its application in deep-tissue biomarker analysis and tumor tissue visualization.

SMALL (2022)

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Editorial Material Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Flux versus poise: Measuring the dynamic cellular activity of the thioredoxin system with a redox probe

Robert J. Hondal

REDOX BIOLOGY (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Recent Progress on NIR Fluorescent Probes for Enzymes

Jintao Zhao et al.

Summary: This article introduces that the majority of diseases' biomarkers are enzymes, and the regulation of enzymes is fundamental but crucial. Researchers have utilized near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging to study the activity of enzymes and gain insights into their roles in living systems. The article summarizes the recent development of enzyme-activated NIR fluorescent probes and their applications in imaging, as well as discusses the prospects and challenges in this field.

MOLECULES (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Role of the Thioredoxin System in Brain Diseases

Geir Bjorklund et al.

Summary: The thioredoxin system plays a vital role in various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, through its involvement in oxidative stress, apoptotic, neuro-immune, and pro-survival pathways. Numerous aberrations in the system, influenced by genetic and environmental factors, may contribute to the development of these neuropsychiatric disorders. Targeting the thioredoxin system could be a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative, neuro-inflammatory, and neuro-oxidative stress processes and related brain disorders.

ANTIOXIDANTS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Cyclic Thiosulfonates for Thiol-Mediated Uptake: Cascade Exchangers, Transporters, Inhibitors

Takehiro Kato et al.

Summary: Thiol-mediated uptake is an effective method for cell penetration, and cyclic oligochalcogenides (COCs) have been found to be a useful tool in enabling and inhibiting this process. This study focuses on the unexplored COCs of higher oxidation levels and demonstrates their potential in enhancing cell uptake and inhibiting the entry of SARS-CoV-2 lentivectors. The results suggest that COCs with hydrophobic directing groups exhibit selective and synergistic exchange in hydrophobic pockets, making them promising candidates for cytosolic delivery and the evolution of dynamic covalent networks.

JACS AU (2022)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Activatable NIR-II organic fluorescent probes for bioimaging

Xiaoning Zhang et al.

Summary: NIR-II imaging technology has made significant progress in diagnosing diseases with its high resolution and deep tissue penetration capabilities. Activatable NIR-II fluorescence probes show great potential in reporting pathological changes, exhibiting tunable properties and excellent biocompatibility.

THERANOSTICS (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Activity-Based NIR Enzyme Fluorescent Probes for the Diagnosis of Tumors and Image-Guided Surgery

Haidong Li et al.

Summary: Enzyme-reactive NIR fluorescent probes have shown great potential in the diagnosis of tumorigenesis and image-guided intraoperative surgeries due to their quick reaction time and favorable pharmacokinetics. This review summarizes the latest advancements in this field, presenting challenges and prospects that could help in the development of new multifunctional fluorescent probes and their clinical transformation in the future.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Natural Molecules Targeting Thioredoxin System and Their Therapeutic Potential

Junmin Zhang et al.

Summary: The Thioredoxin (Trx) system plays a vital role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and regulating multiple cellular redox signaling pathways, and has been shown to be an important regulator in many diseases, especially tumorigenesis. Developing potential therapeutic molecules targeting this system is crucial for disease treatment.

ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Targeting thioredoxin reductase by deoxyelephantopin from Elephantopus scaber triggers cancer cell apoptosis

Dongzhu Duan et al.

Summary: DET targets TrxR and inhibits its activity, leading to cancer cell apoptosis through oxidative stress. Down-regulation of TrxR1 by shRNA increases cell sensitivity to DET. Targeting of TrxR1 by DET reveals a novel mechanism of action and enhances the potential of DET as a chemotherapeutic agent for cancers.

ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS (2021)

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Article Biophysics

Trends in small organic fluorescent scaffolds for detection of oxidoreductase

Jagpreet Singh Sidhu et al.

Summary: Oxidoreductases are a diverse class of enzymes involved in regulating redox balance and cell signaling cascades. Abnormal expression of oxidoreductases can lead to various disorders. Fluorescence assay has been developed as a potential substitute for conventional techniques in enzyme quantification.

BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear

Advances and perspectives in carbon dot-based fluorescent probes: Mechanism, and application

Xiangcao Li et al.

Summary: Fluorescent probes play a crucial role in disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and food safety control, with fluorescent carbon dots emerging as a promising new nanomaterial due to their excellent biocompatibility and tunable fluorescence properties for sensing and imaging applications.

COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Natural diterpenoid eriocalyxin B covalently modifies glutathione and selectively inhibits thioredoxin reductase inducing potent oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma RKO cells

Dongzhu Duan et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that Eriocalyxin B (EriB) induces apoptosis in RKO cells by covalently modifying GSH, selectively inhibiting TrxR activity, and exhibiting potent synthetic lethality with GSH inhibitor BSO. This highlights a novel mechanism of action for EriB in targeting TrxR and suggests a new therapeutic approach for combating cancers.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Integration of a Diselenide Unit Generates Fluorogenic Camptothecin Prodrugs with Improved Cytotoxicity to Cancer Cells

Jintao Zhao et al.

Summary: In this study, a diselenide/disulfide unit was introduced into camptothecin, leading to the identification of two selenoprodrugs with improved efficacy in treating cancer. These selenoprodrugs can be activated by glutathione, accompanied by the generation of selenol intermediates that catalyze oxidation reactions. The discovery of the fluorescence quenching property of the diselenide/disulfide bond provides insights into developing novel theranostic agents.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Structural Modification of Aminophenylarsenoxides Generates Candidates for Leukemia Treatment via Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibition

Zi-Long Song et al.

Summary: The study prepared different amino-substituted phenylarsine oxides and found that the o-substituted molecule exhibited higher potency in inhibiting cellular TrxR activity, leading to oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis. These findings suggest the promising potential of TrxR inhibitors as cancer therapeutic agents.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Plant Sciences

A Derivative of Piperlongumine and Ligustrazine as a Potential Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibitor in Drug-Resistant Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Jianqiang Qian et al.

Summary: The novel piperlongumine/ligustrazine derivative 11 displayed potent antiproliferative activity against drug-resistant cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, showing promising potential as a candidate drug for the chemotherapy of drug-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma.

JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Synthesis and biological evaluation of disulfides as anticancer agents with thioredoxin inhibition

Xiangxu Wei et al.

Summary: The study synthesized 72 disulfides and identified two compounds with significant antitumor activity against HeLa cells. Kinetic studies showed one of the disulfides had faster inhibition of Trx compared to the other. These findings suggest potential for the development of anticancer candidates with Trx inhibition.

BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Cellular uptake of large biomolecules enabled by cell-surface-reactive cell-penetrating peptide additives

Anselm F. L. Schneider et al.

Summary: The challenge of delivering proteins into cells has been addressed by conjugating arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides to the cell surface, enabling efficient delivery of protein-CPP conjugates. The use of thiol-reactive cell-penetrating peptides allows for simple co-incubation to deliver thiol-containing proteins, greatly simplifying protein and antibody delivery with minimal genetic or chemical engineering.

NATURE CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Oncology

Jolkinolide B targets thioredoxin and glutathione systems to induce ROS-mediated paraptosis and apoptosis in bladder cancer cells

Jun Sang et al.

Summary: JB is a novel anti-bladder cancer compound that can induce cell death in bladder cancer cells through different mechanisms, showing potential for future drug development in the treatment of bladder cancer.

CANCER LETTERS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Selective, Modular Probes for Thioredoxins Enabled by Rational Tuning of a Unique Disulfide Structure Motif

Jan G. Felber et al.

Summary: Novel disulfide probes with excellent stability to monothiols yet high selectivity for key redox-active protein effector, thioredoxin, were developed using rational structural design. These probes were comprehensively screened for biological stability and selectivity against a range of redox effector proteins and enzymes. Further applications of these unique probes are anticipated to target cellular thioredoxins and reveal hidden dynamics of endogenous cellular redox systems.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Thioredoxin reductase as a pharmacological target

Geir Bjorklund et al.

Summary: Thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are enzymes that reduce thioredoxin, playing a crucial role in the antioxidant system within cells. Inhibition of TrxR is a key clinical goal to address redox balance disturbances. Current research focuses on the importance of TrxRs in cellular functions and the mechanisms of inhibition by metal ions or chemicals.

PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Discovery of hydroxytyrosol as thioredoxin reductase 1 inhibitor to induce apoptosis and G1/S cell cycle arrest in human colorectal cancer cells via ROS generation

Sheng-Peng Zhang et al.

Summary: The study found that a natural product called hydroxytyrosol (HT) can potentially serve as an inhibitor for colorectal cancer treatment by inhibiting TrxR1 activity, leading to accumulation of reactive oxygen species and inhibiting tumor cell proliferation while inducing apoptosis.

EXPERIMENTAL AND THERAPEUTIC MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Fluorogenic probes for thioredoxin reductase activity

Tendai J. Mafireyi et al.

Summary: The thioredoxin system is crucial for maintaining cellular redox state and has implications in various cancers and diseases. While methods for detecting and quantifying thioredoxin reductase have been developed, there is a need for more robust and specific techniques due to the lack of specificity in current methods. Recently, there has been increased interest in fluorescent probes targeting thioredoxin reductase for better detection.

RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Current trends and key considerations in the clinical translation of targeted fluorescent probes for intraoperative navigation

Renfa Liu et al.

Summary: The rapid development of fluorescence imaging for intraoperative navigation has led to further development of targeted fluorescent probes, with some already in clinical trials. NIR-II fluorescent probes demonstrate better performance in terms of penetration depths and signal-to-background ratios, but face challenges in transitioning from bench to bedside.

AGGREGATE (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Small molecule based fluorescent chemosensors for imaging the microenvironment within specific cellular regions

Junling Yin et al.

Summary: The microenvironment within specific organelles plays a vital role in cellular processes and physiological functions. Monitoring and understanding the variations in the microenvironment is essential for identifying disease development. Progress has been made in developing fluorescent probes to study the microenvironment within specific cellular regions, but comprehensive research on small-molecule fluorescent chemosensors for cellular microenvironments is still needed.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Thiol-Mediated Uptake

Quentin Laurent et al.

Summary: This article mainly discusses the mechanism of thiol-mediated uptake, introducing the research progress and potential applications in this field.

JACS AU (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Fluorescence imaging of pathophysiological microenvironments

Shan Wang et al.

Summary: Abnormal microenvironments play a significant role in various pathophysiological processes such as inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Fluorescence imaging has emerged as a powerful tool for tracking changes in pathophysiological microenvironments, offering promising prospects for future development and application in fluorescent probes.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recent progress in fluorescent probes for bacteria

Yurou Huang et al.

Summary: Bacteria are closely related to food fermentation, antibiotics, and pollutant degradation, playing both essential and harmful roles in human life. Therefore, effective strategies for accurate monitoring of bacteria are urgently needed. Fluorescence imaging technology, especially the design of organic fluorescent probes, has shown great potential in the detection and imaging of bacteria, offering high specificity and sensitivity with minimal invasiveness.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Fluorescent probes for bioimaging of potential biomarkers in Parkinson's disease

Liqian Gao et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease with complex pathological processes and remains difficult to treat. Developing new tools for early diagnosis and treatment, including the use of fluorescent probes to monitor pathological features, is crucial.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

(1-4)-Thiodisaccharides as anticancer agents. Part 5. Evaluation of anticancer activity and investigation of mechanism of action

Joanna Sarnik et al.

BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

The Thioredoxin System: A Promising Target for Cancer Drug Development

Hiba Ghareeb et al.

CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Diselenide Turn-On Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Thioredoxin Reductase

Tendai J. Mafireyi et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Comprehensive chemical proteomics for target deconvolution of the redox active drug auranofin

Amir Ata Saei et al.

REDOX BIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Activatable selenium-containing fluorescent apoptotic agent for biosensing and tracing cancer cell apoptosis

Liyi Zhou et al.

SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL (2020)

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Article Polymer Science

Harnessing Strained Disulfides for Photocurable Adaptable Hydrogels

Georg M. Scheutz et al.

MACROMOLECULES (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Irreversible TrxR1 inhibitors block STAT3 activity and induce cancer cell death

S. Busker et al.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Design and SAR of Withangulatin A Analogues that Act as Covalent TrxR Inhibitors through the Michael Addition Reaction Showing Potential in Cancer Treatment

Cheng Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel indoleamine 2,3-dioxigenase 1 (IDO1) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) dual inhibitor

Qing-Zhu Fan et al.

BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Loss of thioredoxin reductase function in a mouse stroke model disclosed by a two-photon fluorescent probe

Jintao Zhao et al.

CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Combination of chemotherapy and oxidative stress to enhance cancer cell apoptosis

Xinming Li et al.

CHEMICAL SCIENCE (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Small molecule inhibitors of mammalian thioredoxin reductase as potential anticancer agents: An update

Junmin Zhang et al.

MEDICINAL RESEARCH REVIEWS (2019)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Thioredoxin-related protein of 14 kDa as a modulator of redox signalling pathways

Belen Espinosa et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2019)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Evolution of the thioredoxin system as a step enabling adaptation to oxidative stress

Monica Balsera et al.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Promotion of HeLa cells apoptosis by cynaropicrin involving inhibition of thioredoxin reductase and induction of oxidative stress

Tianyu Liu et al.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Targeting the Thioredoxin System as a Strategy for Cancer Therapy

Mianli Bian et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recognition Moieties of Small Molecular Fluorescent Probes for Bioimaging of Enzymes

Xiaofeng Wu et al.

ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Fluorophore-Dependent Cleavage of Disulfide Bond Leading to a Highly Selective Fluorescent Probe of Thioredoxin

Huiyi Jia et al.

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2019)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Repurposing of auranofin: Thioredoxin reductase remains a primary target of the drug

Xiaonan Zhang et al.

BIOCHIMIE (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A fast and specific fluorescent probe for thioredoxin reductase that works via disulphide bond cleavage

Xinming Li et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

The Opening of 1,2-Dithiolanes and 1,2-Diselenolanes: Regioselectivity, Rearrangements, and Consequences for Poly(disulfide)s, Cellular Uptake and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complexes

Quentin Laurent et al.

HELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA (2019)

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Article Materials Science, Biomaterials

Fluorescence imaging of lysosomal hydrogen selenide under oxygen-controlled conditions

Yong Tian et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY B (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Synthesis of an efficient far-red/near-infrared luminogen with AIE characteristics for in vivo bioimaging applications

Wei Qin et al.

CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Carbon dots as analytical tools for sensing of thioredoxin reductase and screening of cancer cells

Jagpreet Singh Sidhu et al.

ANALYST (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Selective Activation of a Prodrug by Thioredoxin Reductase Providing a Strategy to Target Cancer Cells

Xinming Li et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2018)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Selenocysteine in mammalian thioredoxin reductase and application of ebselen as a therapeutic

Xiaoyuan Ren et al.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2018)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The A to Z of modulated cell patterning by mammalian thioredoxin reductases

Markus Dagnell et al.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2018)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Significance of the mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase in cancer cells: An update on role, targets and inhibitors

Valeria Scalcon et al.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2018)

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Article Cell Biology

Irreversible inhibition of cytosolic thioredoxin reductase 1 as a mechanistic basis for anticancer therapy

William C. Stafford et al.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

A fluorescent probe for differentiating Cys, Hcy and GSH via a stepwise interaction

Yong Tian et al.

SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Diselenolane-mediated cellular uptake

Nicolas Chuard et al.

CHEMICAL SCIENCE (2018)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recent progresses in small-molecule enzymatic fluorescent probes for cancer imaging

Hong-Wen Liu et al.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2018)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Small Molecules to Target the Selenoprotein Thioredoxin Reductase

Baoxin Zhang et al.

CHEMISTRY-AN ASIAN JOURNAL (2018)

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Article Cell Biology

Targeting Thioredoxin System with an Organosulfur Compound, Diallyl Trisulfide (DATS), Attenuates Progression and Metastasis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)

Yuping Liu et al.

CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY (2018)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Protein Folding in the Presence of Water-Soluble Cyclic Diselenides with Novel Oxidoreductase and Isomerase Activities

Kenta Arai et al.

CHEMBIOCHEM (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Strained Cyclic Disulfides Enable Cellular Uptake by Reacting with the Transferrin Receptor

Daniel Abegg et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2017)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Modulation of signaling mechanisms in the heart by thioredoxin 1

Narayani Nagarajan et al.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2017)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Targeting the Thioredoxin System for Cancer Therapy

Junmin Zhang et al.

TRENDS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Epidithiodiketopiperazines: Strain-Promoted Thiol-Mediated Cellular Uptake at the Highest Tension

Lili Zong et al.

ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE (2017)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Redox Signaling Mediated by Thioredoxin and Glutathione Systems in the Central Nervous System

Xiaoyuan Ren et al.

ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Biscysteine-Bearing Peptide Probes To Reveal Extracellular Thiol Disulfide Exchange Reactions Promoting Cellular Uptake

Tao Li et al.

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2017)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Carbon Dot Based, Naphthalimide Coupled FRET Pair for Highly Selective Ratiometric Detection of Thioredoxin Reductase and Cancer Screening

Jagpreet Singh Sidhu et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Strain-Promoted Thiol-Mediated Cellular Uptake of Giant Substrates: Liposomes and Polymersomes

Nicolas Chuard et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2017)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mitochondria-Targeted Approach: Remarkably Enhanced Cellular Bioactivities of TPP2a as Selective Inhibitor and Probe toward TrxR

Baoxia Liang et al.

ACS CHEMICAL BIOLOGY (2016)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Full-Color Light-Emitting Carbon Dots with a Surface-State-Controlled Luminescence Mechanism

Hui Ding et al.

ACS NANO (2016)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A small molecule probe reveals declined mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase activity in a Parkinson's disease model

Yaping Liu et al.

CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS (2016)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A fast response and red emission probe for mammalian thioredoxin reductase

Huilong Ma et al.

CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS (2016)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Details in the catalytic mechanism of mammalian thioredoxin reductase 1 revealed using point mutations and juglone-coupled enzyme activities

Jianqiang Xu et al.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2016)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Inhibitory nitrosylation of mammalian thioredoxin reductase 1: Molecular characterization and evidence for its functional role in cellular nitroso-redox imbalance

Rotem Engelman et al.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2016)

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Review Physiology

PARADOXICAL ROLES OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES: BASIC MECHANISMS AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS

Xin Gen Lei et al.

PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2016)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A highly selective near-infrared fluorescent probe for imaging H2Se in living cells and in vivo

Fanpeng Kong et al.

CHEMICAL SCIENCE (2016)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Thioredoxin reductase 1 suppresses adipocyte differentiation and insulin responsiveness

Xiaoxiao Peng et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2016)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Ring Tension Applied to Thiol-Mediated Cellular Uptake

Giulio Gasparini et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2015)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Fluorescence imaging of selenol in HepG2 cell apoptosis induced by Na2SeO3

Fanpeng Kong et al.

CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS (2015)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A selenium-containing ruthenium complex as a cancer radiosensitizer, rational design and the important role of ROS-mediated signalling

Zhiqin Deng et al.

CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS (2015)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Small-Molecule Two-Photon Probes for Bioimaging Applications

Hwan Myung Kim et al.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2015)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Small molecule-based ratiometric fluorescence probes for cations, anions, and biomolecules

Min Hee Lee et al.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2015)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Insights into the importance for designing curcumin-inspired anticancer agents by a prooxidant strategy: The case of diarylpentanoids

Fang Dai et al.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2015)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Synthesis of Xanthohumol Analogues and Discovery of Potent Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibitor as Potential Anticancer Agent

Baoxin Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2015)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Structurally Dynamic Hydrogels Derived from 1,2-Dithiolanes

Gregg A. Barcan et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2015)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Activity assays of mammalian thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase: Fluorescent disulfide substrates, mechanisms, and use with tissue samples

Sergio J. Montano et al.

ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (2014)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Cyclic-Disulfide-Based Prodrugs for Cytosol-Specific Drug Delivery

Gabor Butora et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2014)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Glutaredoxin 2 Reduces Both Thioredoxin 2 and Thioredoxin 1 and Protects Cells from Apoptosis Induced by Auranofin and 4-Hydroxynonenal

Huihui Zhang et al.

ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING (2014)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Tagging Live Cells that Express Specific Peptidase Activity with Solid-State Fluorescence

Maxime Prost et al.

CHEMBIOCHEM (2014)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A furanyl acryl conjugated coumarin as an efficient inhibitor and a highly selective off-on fluorescent probe for covalent labelling of thioredoxin reductase

Lei Huang et al.

CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS (2014)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Benzoselenadiazole-based responsive long-lifetime photoluminescent probes for protein kinases

Ramesh Ekambaram et al.

CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS (2014)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The thioredoxin antioxidant system

Jun Lu et al.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2014)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Shikonin targets cytosolic thioredoxin reductase to induce ROS-mediated apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells

Dongzhu Duan et al.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2014)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Gambogic acid induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells by targeting cytosolic thioredoxin reductase

Dongzhu Duan et al.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2014)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Highly Selective Off-On Fluorescent Probe for Imaging Thioredoxin Reductase in Living Cells

Liangwei Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2014)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Toward a Chemical Marker for Inflammatory Disease: A Fluorescent Probe for Membrane-Localized Thioredoxin

Min Hee Lee et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2014)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Thioredoxin-related protein of 14 kDa is an efficient L-cystine reductase and S-denitrosylase

Irina Pader et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2014)

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Review Oncology

Mitochondrial ROS in cancer: initiators, amplifiers or an Achilles' heel?

Simran S. Sabharwal et al.

NATURE REVIEWS CANCER (2014)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

A direct and continuous assay for the determination of thioredoxin reductase activity in cell lysates

Brian Cunniff et al.

ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (2013)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

From One-Photon to Two-Photon Probes: Caged Compounds, Actuators, and Photoswitches

Guillaume Bort et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2013)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Thioredoxin System as a Therapeutic Target in Human Health and Disease

Dler Faieeq Darweesh Mahmood et al.

ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING (2013)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Disulfide-Cleavage-Triggered Chemosensors and Their Biological Applications

Min Hee Lee et al.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2013)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recent advances in the development of 1,8-naphthalimide based DNA targeting binders, anticancer and fluorescent cellular imaging agents

Swagata Banerjee et al.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2013)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recent progress in luminescent and colorimetric chemosensors for detection of thiols

Hyo Sung Jung et al.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2013)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Comparison of Lipoic and Asparagusic Acid for Surface-Initiated Disulfide-Exchange Polymerization

Alessio Carmine et al.

CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL (2013)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

2a, a novel curcumin analog, sensitizes cisplatin-resistant A549 cells to cisplatin by inhibiting thioredoxin reductase concomitant oxidative stress damage

Binhua Zhou et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2013)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A Txnrd1-dependent metabolic switch alters hepatic lipogenesis, glycogen storage, and detoxification

Sonya V. Iverson et al.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2013)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Rare TXNRD1_v3 (v3) Splice Variant of Human Thioredoxin Reductase 1 Protein Is Targeted to Membrane Rafts by N-Acylation and Induces Filopodia Independently of Its Redox Active Site Integrity

Marcus Cebula et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2013)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Thioredoxin 1 Is Inactivated Due to Oxidation Induced by Peroxiredoxin under Oxidative Stress and Reactivated by the Glutaredoxin System

Yatao Du et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2013)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Thioredoxin System in Cell Death Progression

Jun Lu et al.

ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING (2012)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Hepatocyte DNA replication in growing liver requires either glutathione or a single allele of txnrd1

Justin R. Prigge et al.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2012)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Small molecule inhibitors of mammalian thioredoxin reductase

Wenqing Cai et al.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2012)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Speciation analysis of the antirheumatic agent Auranofin and its thiol adducts by LC/ESI-MS and LC/ICP-MS

Anastasia Albert et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY (2012)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Hepatocyte-Targeting Single Galactose-Appended Naphthalimide: A Tool for Intracellular Thiol Imaging in Vivo

Min Hee Lee et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2012)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Potent, Versatile Disulfide-Reducing Agent from Aspartic Acid

John C. Lukesh et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2012)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Mitochondrial Thioredoxin-Responding Off-On Fluorescent Probe

Min Hee Lee et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2012)

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Article Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear

Naphthalimide-Tagged Ruthenium-Arene Anticancer Complexes: Combining Coordination with Intercalation

Kelly J. Kilpin et al.

ORGANOMETALLICS (2012)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Thioredoxin 1-Mediated Post-Translational Modifications: Reduction, Transnitrosylation, Denitrosylation, and Related Proteomics Methodologies

Changgong Wu et al.

ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING (2011)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Molecular Mechanisms and Proposed Targets for Selected Anticancer Gold Compounds

Angela Casini et al.

CURRENT TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2011)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Substrate and inhibitor specificities differ between human cytosolic and mitochondrial thioredoxin reductases: Implications for development of specific inhibitors

Oliver Rackham et al.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2011)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Self-Organizing Surface-Initiated Polymerization: Facile Access to Complex Functional Systems

Naomi Sakai et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2011)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Crystal structure of the human thioredoxin reductase-thioredoxin complex

Karin Fritz-Wolf et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2011)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Structure, Function, and Mechanism of Thioredoxin Proteins

Jean-Francois Collet et al.

ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING (2010)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase: Current research with special reference to human disease

Arne Holmgren et al.

BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS (2010)

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Article Cell Biology

Hepatocytes lacking thioredoxin reductase 1 have normal replicative potential during development and regeneration

MaryClare F. Rollins et al.

JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE (2010)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Focus on mammalian thioredoxin reductases - Important selenoproteins with versatile functions

Elias S. J. Arner

BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENERAL SUBJECTS (2009)

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Review Food Science & Technology

Thioredoxin system inhibitors as mediators of apoptosis for cancer therapy

Kathryn F. Tonissen et al.

MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (2009)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Synthesis and evaluation of curcumin analogues as potential thioredoxin reductase inhibitors

Xu Qiu et al.

BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2008)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Reversible Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination of Fluorinated Disulfides at Gold(I) Thiolate Complexes: A New Ligand Exchange Mechanism

Robert E. Bachman et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2008)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cell Death by SecTRAPs: Thioredoxin Reductase as a Prooxidant Killer of Cells

Karin Anestal et al.

PLOS ONE (2008)

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