Impact of Western Diet and Ultra-Processed Food on the Intestinal Mucus Barrier

The intestinal epithelial barrier plays a key role in the absorption of nutrients and water, in the regulation of the interactions between luminal contents and the underlying immune cells, and in the defense against enteric pathogens. Additionally, the intestinal mucus layer provides further protection due to mucin secretion and maturation by goblet cells, thus representing a crucial player in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. However, environmental factors, such as dietary products, can disrupt this equilibrium, leading to the development of inflammatory intestinal disorders. In particular, ultra-processed food, which is broadly present in the Western diet and includes dietary components containing food additives and/or undergoing multiple industrial processes (such as dry heating cooking), was shown to negatively impact intestinal health. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge on the impact of a Western diet and, in particular, ultra-processed food on the mucus barrier and goblet cell function, as well as potential therapeutic approaches to maintain and restore the mucus layer under pathological conditions.

Automated summary

The intestinal epithelial barrier is crucial for nutrient absorption, immune regulation, and defense against pathogens. The mucus layer, secreted and matured by goblet cells, also plays a vital role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. However, a Western diet and ultra-processed food can disrupt this balance and negatively impact intestinal health. This review discusses the impact of a Western diet, particularly ultra-processed food, on the mucus barrier and goblet cell function, as well as potential therapeutic approaches to restore the mucus layer.