Gut Microbiota Alteration and Its Modulation with Probiotics in Celiac Disease

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic inflammation of the small intestine triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed people. Recent literature studies highlight the possible role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of this disease. The gut microbiota is a complex community of microorganisms that can interact with the innate and adaptative immune systems. A condition of dysbiosis, which refers to an alteration in the composition and function of the human gut microbiota, can lead to a dysregulated immune response. This condition may contribute to triggering gluten intolerance, favoring the development and/or progression of CD in genetically susceptible patients. Interestingly, studies on children and adults with CD showed a different microbiome profile in fecal samples, with a different degree of activity for the disease. From this point of view, our review aimed to collect and discuss modern evidence about the alteration of the gut microbiota and its modulation with probiotics, with possible future indications in the management of patients affected by CD.

Automated summary

Celiac disease is a chronic inflammation of the small intestine triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals. Recent studies suggest that the gut microbiota may play a role in the development of this disease. Dysbiosis, an alteration in the composition and function of the gut microbiota, can lead to a dysregulated immune response and contribute to the development of gluten intolerance in susceptible individuals with celiac disease. Studies on patients with celiac disease have shown different microbiome profiles in fecal samples, indicating a potential link between gut microbiota and disease activity.