Effect of Mixed Reality on Delivery of Emergency Medical Care in a Simulated EnvironmentA Pilot Randomized Crossover Trial

IMPORTANCE Mixed-reality (MR) technology has the potential to enhance care delivery, but there remains a paucity of evidence for its efficacy and feasibility. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and feasibility ofMR technology to enhance emergency care delivery in a simulated environment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This pilot randomized crossover trial was conducted from September to November 2021 at a single center in a high-fidelity simulated environment with participants block randomized to standard care (SC) or MR-supported care (MR-SC) groups. Participants were 22 resident-grade physicians working in acute medical and surgical specialties prospectively recruited from a single UK Academic Health Sciences Centre. Data were analyzed from September to December 2022. INTERVENTION Participants resuscitated a simulated patient who was acutely unwell, including undertaking invasive procedures. Participants completed 2 scenarios and were randomly assigned to SC or MR-SC for the first scenario prior to crossover. The HoloLens 2MR device provided interactive holographic content and bidirectional audiovisual communication with senior physicians in theMRSC group. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was error rate assessed via the Imperial College Error Capture (ICECAP) multidimensional error-capture tool. Secondary outcomes included teamwork (Observational Teamwork Assessment for Surgery [OTAS]; range, 0-6 and Teamwork Skills Assessment forWard Care [T-SAW-C]; range, 1-5), scenario completion, stress and cognitive load (NASA Task Load Index [NASA-TLX; range 0-100]), and MR device user acceptability. RESULTS A total of 22 physicians (15 males [68.2%]; median [range] age, 28 [25-34] years) were recruited. MR technology significantly reduced the mean (SD) number of errors per scenario compared with SC (5.16 [3.34] vs 8.30 [3.09] errors; P =.003), with substantial reductions in procedural (0.79 [0.75] vs 1.52 [1.20] errors; P =.02), technical (1.95 [1.40] vs 3.65 [2.03] errors; P =.01), and safety (0.37 [0.96] vs 0.96 [0.85] errors; P =.04) domains. MR resulted in significantly greater scenario completion rates vs SC (22 scenarios [100%] vs 14 scenarios [63.6%]; P =.003). It also led to significant improvements in the overall quality of teamwork and interactions vs SC as measured by mean (SD) OTAS (25.41 [6.30] vs 16.33 [5.49]; P <.001) and T-SAW-C (27.35 [6.89] vs 18.37 [6.09]; P <.001) scores. As reported via mean (range) NASA-TLX score, there were significant reductions for MR-SC vs SC in participant temporal demands (38 [20-50] vs 46 [30-70]; P =.03) and significant improvements in self-reported task performance (50 [30-60] vs 39 [10-70]; P =.01). Overall, 19 participants (86.4%) reported that they were more confident in making clinical decisions and undertaking clinical procedures with MR support. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that the use of MR technology reduced error, improved teamwork, and enhanced practitioner confidence when used to support the delivery of simulated emergency medical care. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05870137

Automated summary

This study aimed to assess the efficacy and feasibility of MR technology in enhancing emergency care delivery in a simulated environment. The results showed that MR technology significantly reduced errors, improved teamwork, and enhanced practitioner confidence.