期刊
NATURE PHOTONICS
卷 10, 期 2, 页码 93-+出版社
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/NPHOTON.2015.264
关键词
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资金
- Peter Ewald fellowship from the Volkswagen Foundation
- US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical, Geological and Biological Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357, DE-AC02-76SF00515, DE-FG02-86ER13491]
- BMBF [05K10KT2, 05K13KT2, DFG BO3169/2-2]
- Swedish Research Council
- Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
- National Science Foundation [1231306]
- Max Planck Society within the ASG at CFEL
The ability to observe ultrafast structural changes in nanoscopic samples is essential for understanding non-equilibrium phenomena such as chemical reactions(1), matter under extreme conditions(2), ultrafast phase transitions(3) and intense light-matter interactions(4). Established imaging techniques are limited either in time or spatial resolution and typically require samples to be deposited on a substrate, which interferes with the dynamics. Here, we show that coherent X-ray diffraction images from isolated single samples can be used to visualize femtosecond electron density dynamics. We recorded X-ray snapshot images from a nanoplasma expansion, a prototypical non-equilibrium phenomenon(4,5). Single Xe clusters are superheated using an intense optical laser pulse and the structural evolution of the sample is imaged with a single X-ray pulse. We resolved ultrafast surface softening on the nanometre scale at the plasma/vacuum interface within 100 fs of the heating pulse. Our study is the first time-resolved visualization of irreversible femtosecond processes in free, individual nanometre-sized samples.
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