Selection and evaluation of stable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in the head kidney leukocyte of Oreochromis niloticus

To investigate the antibacterial mechanisms of Nile tilapia, it is necessary to understand the responses of immune-related genes in infected lymphocytes. Usually, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR) is applied to investigate transcriptional profiling. However, few studies have evaluated stable reference genes for qRT-PCR in Nile tilapia head kidney lymphocytes (HKLs). In this research, we assessed the stability of seven common reference genes, which include 18 S ribosomal RNA (18 s rRNA), beta actin (& beta;-actin), beta-2microglobulin-like (& beta;-MG), elongation factor 1a (EF1A), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), Tubulin alpha chain-like (TUBA), and Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UBE),in both resting state and several responding states of Nile tilapia HKLs. Results showed that & beta;-MG was the optimum reference gene in both resting state and LTA stimulation state, while GAPDH was the optimum for LPS stimulation. However, no single candidate gene could be employed as the universal reference under all situations. Next, the geNorm and RefFinder tools was applied to access the adequacy of the union of two reference genes, and the results suggested that the combination of & beta;-MG and GAPDH was the best candidate. Finally, the expression profiles of three typical immunerelated genes interleukin-1 & beta; (IL-1 & beta;), transcription factor p65(P65), and tumor necrosis factor & alpha; (TNF & alpha;) under LPS/ LTA situations in HKLs were evaluated via multiple reference genes and single reference gene difference analysis. The findings revealed that TUBA and UBE were incapable of working as reference genes, and the union of two reference genes was better than any sole reference gene. The single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) data of Nile tilapia HKLs confirmed the above results. In conclusion, our data suggest that the combination of & beta;-MG and GAPDH may be the best criterion for qRT-PCR calculation in tilapia HKLs.

Automated summary

This study evaluated the stability of seven common reference genes in Nile tilapia HKLs under different states and found that β-MG was the most suitable reference gene, while GAPDH was the best choice under LPS stimulation. However, there was no single candidate gene that could be used as a universal reference gene in all situations.