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GnRH-immunocastration: an alternative method for male animal surgical castration

FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE (2023)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Early castration in foals: Consequences on physical and behavioural development

Juliette Cognie et al.

Summary: This study compares castration at 3 days and 18 months of age in Welsh ponies and assesses their subsequent development. The results show that early castration does not interfere with the morphological and behavioral development of ponies.

EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL (2023)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Effects of immunocastration and supplementary feeding level on the performance and blood biochemical markers of farmed yearling fallow deer (Dama dama)

Veit Ny et al.

Summary: Blood biochemical markers in cervids can indicate changes in physiology and environment, particularly in response to nutrient supplementation or hormone manipulation. Immunocastration is a more ethical method but remains unexplored in fallow deer. This study examines the effects of food supplementation and immunocastration on growth parameters and blood markers in yearling male fallow deer, showing that diet and immunocastration can influence body growth and blood biochemical markers. However, further research is needed to evaluate carcass performance under similar conditions.

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND ANIMAL NUTRITION (2023)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Physicochemical characteristics of meat from capons derived from the crossing of conserved breed hens and meat roosters

J. Calik et al.

Summary: The study investigated the effect of castration on the meat properties of capons derived from the crossing of Rhode Island Red (R-11) hens and meat roosters. The results showed that compared to intact cockerels, capons had higher body weight, dressing percentage, carcass muscle content, and better physicochemical parameters and sensory score in breast and leg muscles. The study concludes that the cross-breeding of Rhode Island Red hens and meat roosters produces capons with superior meat quality.

POULTRY SCIENCE (2023)

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Article Immunology

Effect of GnRH immunocastration on immune function in male rats

Fuqiang Pan et al.

Summary: The study aimed to investigate the effects of immunocastration on the development of the immune system in rats. Rats were immunized with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and samples were collected periodically. The results showed that GnRH immunization led to increased antibody titers, reduced testosterone concentration, and changes in immune markers and cytokine levels.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2023)

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Review Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Fertility Control for Wildlife: A European Perspective

Giovanna Massei

Summary: Current trends in Europe indicate that the impacts of wildlife will increase due to population growth and landscape development. Traditional methods like culling are ineffective, environmentally harmful and face opposition. Contraceptives could be an alternative. This review examines the effects, challenges, cost, and feasibility of using contraceptives for European wildlife. It also highlights the contexts and species in which contraceptives could be used to reduce wildlife impacts and provides eight reasons for Europe to invest in wildlife fertility control.

ANIMALS (2023)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Behavior of Piglets in an Observation Arena before and after Surgical Castration with Local Anesthesia

Regina Miller et al.

Summary: The study compared the behavior of piglets undergoing surgical castration with and without local anesthesia. The results showed that piglets receiving local anesthesia exhibited fewer pain-associated behaviors. However, these behaviors persisted in some piglets even after the procedure, indicating the limited duration of the effects of local anesthesia.

ANIMALS (2023)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Effect of knife castration on leukocyte cytokine expression and indicators of stress, pain, and inflammation in Korean cattle bull calves

Seonpil Yoo et al.

Summary: This study investigated the effects of surgical castration on Korean cattle bull calves. The results showed that castration decreased average daily gain and eating frequency, increased lying frequency, and temporarily increased cortisol and substance P concentrations. Castration also increased leukocyte mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokine genes. This suggests that castration induces stress and inflammatory response in Korean cattle bull calves.

ANIMAL BIOSCIENCE (2023)

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Editorial Material Veterinary Sciences

Performing surgery in goats. Part 2: surgical techniques

Benjamin Dustan

Summary: This article is the second part of a two-part series, which outlines the common surgical techniques that may be required by the general practitioner when working with goats. Its aim is to provide veterinary practitioners with the necessary knowledge and tips to perform these techniques on goats.

IN PRACTICE (2023)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Practices and opinions of New Zealand sheep farmers towards pain management in lambs during castration and/or tail docking

K. Kongara et al.

Summary: This study aimed to collect baseline data from New Zealand sheep farmers regarding techniques for docking and castrating lambs, their perceptions of lamb pain following these procedures, and their opinions on using pain relief. The results showed that a majority of farmers rarely used pain relief during docking and castration, with time and cost being major barriers to providing pain relief.

NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY JOURNAL (2023)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

The function of the pituitary-testicular axis in dogs prior to and following surgical or chemical castration with the GnRH-agonist deslorelin

Annemarie Spruijt et al.

Summary: Chemical castration, using a GnRH-agonist implant, is a popular alternative to surgical castration in male dogs. The effects of surgical and chemical castration on the pituitary-testicular axis were compared, and it was found that both methods resulted in similar changes.

REPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS (2023)

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Article Food Science & Technology

Impact of gilt immunocastration on weight losses and instrumental and chemical characteristics of Teruel dry-cured ham

Leticia Perez-Ciria et al.

Summary: A study was conducted to evaluate the impact of gilt immunocastration on weight losses during the dry-curing process of Teruel ham. Results showed that hams from immunocastrated gilts had lower weight losses, higher fat content, lower water activity, and lower volatile compounds compared to hams from entire gilts. However, immunocastration slightly increased sodium chloride and sodium nitrite contents. Overall, immunocastration could be a good strategy to improve the quality of Teruel dry-cured ham.

MEAT SCIENCE (2023)

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Article Food Science & Technology

A matter of body weight and sex type: Pig carcass chemical composition and pork quality

Cristina Zomen et al.

Summary: This study compared the minced carcass chemical composition and meat quality of different pig genders and target body weights. Sex affected the fat, protein, and moisture content of the minced carcasses, while carcass fatty acid composition was also influenced by sex and target body weight. Overall, there were no significant differences in meat quality between sexes, except for intramuscular fat. This study highlights the importance of considering gender and target body weight when evaluating the chemical composition and quality of pig meat.

MEAT SCIENCE (2023)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Single or repeated immunization against GnRH fails to completely abolish spermatogenesis in dwarf bucks (Capra hircus)

Julia Giriboni et al.

Summary: Developing strategies for population control is crucial in both captive wildlife and production animals. Immunization against GnRH is an effective method for reduction of testosterone and sperm quality, but its effectiveness varies with species and treatment repetition.

ZOO BIOLOGY (2023)

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Article Reproductive Biology

Immunocontraception of male domestic cats using GnRH vaccine Improvac

Jagger Segura Ochoa et al.

Summary: This study aimed to assess the effect of a commercially-available GnRH vaccine for swine on suppressing sperm production in male cats. The results showed that the vaccine effectively reduced sperm quality, testicular volume, and serum testosterone concentration in treated cats. These findings are consistent with previous studies and suggest that the vaccine has potential for reproductive control in cats.

THERIOGENOLOGY (2023)

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Article Immunology

Effects of a novel recombinant Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-1 vaccine on the reproductive function of mixed-breed dogs (Canis familiaris) in Taiwan

Ai-Mei Chang et al.

Summary: Immunocastration with recombinant subunit GnRH-1 vaccine effectively suppressed fertility in mixed-breed dogs. A specific anti-GnRH immune response was observed starting from Week 4 and maintained for at least 24 weeks. Decreased levels of sexual hormones and reproductive changes were observed in both male and female dogs. This study supports the efficacy of the recombinant subunit GnRH-1 vaccine as a suitable method for fertility control in dogs.

VACCINE (2023)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Efficiency of immunocastration with an anti-gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine on cryptorchid bulls

Akira Goto et al.

Summary: This study explored the endocrine changes in cryptorchid bulls after immunocastration and found that the testosterone levels significantly decreased, confirming the effectiveness of the anti-GnRH vaccine. However, in sexually mature cryptorchid bulls, the AMH levels did not change significantly, indicating partial suppression of AMH secretion in Sertoli cells and the failure of Sertoli cell maturation.

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL SCIENCE (2023)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Effect of dietary energy level in finishing phase on performance, carcass and meat quality in immunocastrates and barrows in comparison with gilts and entire male pigs

A. Van den Broeke et al.

Summary: This study aimed to evaluate whether reducing the dietary energy level could decrease the energy intake of immunocastrates and improve economic and ecological efficiency. The results showed that immunocastrates consumed more daily energy on a high-energy diet compared to a low-energy diet, while there was no difference for barrows. The high-energy diet had some positive effects on meat quality, but consumers did not have a preference for either feed. Overall, this study did not show advantages of feeding immunocastrates or barrows a low-energy diet.

ANIMAL (2022)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Consumers' Expectations about Meat from Surgical Castrated or Immunocastrated Male and Female Iberian Pigs

Maria Font-i-Furnols et al.

Summary: This study investigates the impact of pig castration on the sensory expectations and acceptability of the meat, as well as the attitudes and beliefs towards castration. Results identify three consumer segments, with meat from castrated males being more preferred than other types.

ANIMALS (2022)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Animal Welfare and the Acknowledgment of Cultural Differences

Arlene Garcia et al.

Summary: Most pigs are raised in modern, commercial, indoor farms worldwide. The debate over whether these systems meet the needs of the animals is ongoing. Pigs are considered sentient beings and their welfare should be taken into account. There are cultural differences in attitudes towards animal welfare. While some argue for harmonization of animal welfare rules globally, the current focus of these rules often fails to address the most significant problems on commercial pig farms.

ANIMALS (2022)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Consumer evaluation of meat quality from barrows, immunocastrates and boars in six countries

M. Aluwe et al.

Summary: The practice of surgical castration of piglets and its alternatives is still debated. This study evaluated the consumer's sensory appreciation of meat from surgically castrated pigs, immunocastrated pigs, and intact boars in six European countries. The results indicate that immunocastration can be a valid alternative to surgical castration but the odor of boar meat received lower consumer acceptance.

ANIMAL (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Leydig Cells in Immunocastrated Polish Landrace Pig Testis: Differentiation Status and Steroid Enzyme Expression Status

Piotr Pawlicki et al.

Summary: The study explores the functional status of Leydig cells after immunocastration, providing important knowledge for the diagnosis and treatment of testis dysfunction caused by hormone imbalances and Leydig cell abnormalities.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Food Science & Technology

Paradoxical consumers in four European countries: Meat-eating justification and willingness to pay for meat from animals treated by alternatives to surgical castration

Li Lin-Schilstra et al.

Summary: To prevent boar taint, there are three alternatives to castrating male piglets without pain relief. These alternatives include surgical castration with pain relief, raising non-castrated male pigs in combination with a boar-taint detection method, and immuno-castration by vaccination. The success of marketing these alternatives relies on consumer acceptance, which is influenced by attitudes towards pork, local farming methods, and knowledge of animal welfare. The study explores whether consumers resolve the moral dilemma of meat consumption through different strategies and finds that willingness to pay is lowest for pork from castrates without pain relief.

MEAT SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Immunocontraception of male and female giraffes using the GnRH vaccine Improvac®

Franz Schwarzenberger et al.

Summary: The study developed contraception protocols for giraffes using the GnRH vaccine Improvac (R) and evaluated the success through endocrine analysis. The results showed reliable reduction of fecal steroid metabolites to baseline levels, but issues with testicular atrophy and persistent corpus luteum activity were observed. Furthermore, questions around reversibility of the treatment effects remain unsolved after more than 2 years of observation.

ZOO BIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Immunocastration with gene vaccine (KISS1) induces a cell-mediated immune response in ram testis: A transcriptome evaluation

Sohail Ahmed et al.

Summary: This study investigated the cellular immune response in the testicular tissue of rams immunized with an intranasal KISS1 gene vaccine. The results showed that the KISS1 gene vaccine suppressed reproductive activities in rams and induced a cell-mediated immune response mediated by MHC class I and natural killer cells.

REPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS (2022)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

The impact of clamp castration on the behaviour and body temperature of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)-Effects of local anesthesia and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Hanna Nurmi et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the effects of castration on reindeer behavior and rectal temperature, and the impact of handling, lidocaine anesthesia, and meloxicam on these factors. The results showed that reindeer displayed pain-related behaviors during castration, and local lidocaine anesthesia did not significantly reduce the pain. In addition, prolonged handling time increased the rectal temperature of reindeer.

APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Andrology

Immunocastration in adult boars as a model for late-onset hypogonadism

Nina Batorek-Lukac et al.

Summary: This study compared the effects of immunocastration on pigs at different stages of sexual development and found that the timing of immunocastration affects its effectiveness and physiological effects. Vaccination of adult pigs resulted in regression of testicular function, but the responses varied and complete castration was not achieved in all animals.

ANDROLOGY (2022)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Locally Grown Crops and Immunocastration in Fattening Heavy Pigs: Effects on Performance and Welfare

Immaculada Argemi-Armengol et al.

Summary: This study investigated the effects of replacing soybean meal with local pea seeds and different castration methods on the growth performance and feeding behavior of heavy male pigs. The results showed that the local pea diet did not reduce body weight but had negative effects on average daily gain and feed conversion rate. Immunocastrated pigs performed better in terms of growth performance, although dressing percentage was lower.

ANIMALS (2022)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

A Scenario Analysis for Implementing Immunocastration as a Single Solution for Piglet Castration

Li Lin-Schilstra et al.

Summary: This study uses scenario analysis to examine the potential of immunocastration as a general solution sought by the EU. The results show that immunocastration is unlikely to become a single solution for all producers in the EU, as it is not suitable for all types of pork production systems in Europe.

ANIMALS (2022)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Carcass and Offal Yields of Farmed Common Eland (Taurotragus oryx) Males, as Affected by Age and Immunocastration

Tersia Needham et al.

Summary: Common eland have untapped potential in meat production, but are currently undervalued. Immunocastration has no effect on slaughter performance, while age affects offal yields and muscle yields. Juveniles have higher primal cut yields and high-value meat ratio, while sub-adults have higher individual muscle yields.

ANIMALS (2022)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Delivering an Immunocastration Vaccine via a Novel Subcutaneous Implant

Andrew K. Curtis et al.

Summary: Male cattle are often castrated to reduce aggression and unwanted pregnancies, but this procedure causes pain and risks like hemorrhage and infection. Immunocastration using vaccines offers a less painful alternative, but current options require multiple doses. A single-dose implantable immunocastration vaccine was evaluated, showing promising results in reducing fertility and potentially improving animal welfare during livestock management.

ANIMALS (2022)

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Meeting Abstract Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Resumption of sexual behaviour and testicular function in immunocastrated Shetland pony stallions after treatment with a GnRH agonist

Camille Gautier et al.

ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Effect of immunocastration using Improvac on the regulation of adiponectin and leptin in the testes of Landrace boars

Malgorzata Kotula-Balak et al.

Summary: This study revealed, for the first time, the effects of GnRH vaccination on the testicular function of Landrace pigs. It showed disrupted adiponectin and leptin signaling, increased cholesterol concentration, and attenuated spermatogenesis due to halted androstenone production. The altered GnRH signaling may impact the adipokine system in the testes, leading to further functional changes and lipid metabolism disturbances.

MEDYCYNA WETERYNARYJNA-VETERINARY MEDICINE-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE (2022)

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Evaluation of Testosterone, Blood Antioxidants, and Histopathological Changes Following Chemical Castration With Calcium Chloride in Rats

Mehdi Hami et al.

Summary: This experiment used 20% calcium chloride for chemical testicular damage, and the results showed that this method not only did not decrease testosterone levels, but also activated oxidative stress response. Therefore, this method is not recommended.

CRESCENT JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Testicular morphometry as a tool to evaluate the efficiency of immunocastration in lambs

Laiara Fernandes Rocha et al.

Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of immunocastration in lambs through testicular morphometry. The results showed significant changes in testicular morphometry, such as testicular weight, gonadosomatic index, seminiferous tubule diameter, and germinal epithelium height, in lambs vaccinated with anti-GnRH vaccine.

ANIMAL REPRODUCTION (2022)

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Animal welfare research - progress to date and future prospects

L. Boyle et al.

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Vaccination against GnRH as a prelude to surgical castration of horses

John R. Birrell et al.

Summary: Administering two doses of Improvac(R) in colts reduced their testicular volumes effectively before castration, leading to significant improvement in post-surgical local swelling. The study findings indicated a strong correlation between testis size and preputial and scrotal swelling after surgery.

EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL (2021)

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Emanuel M. Doroteu et al.

Summary: The study showed that immunocastration affects testicle morpho-functional characteristics in bulls in a time- and dose-dependent way. This impact includes changes in testicular dimensions, testosterone concentrations, sperm parameters, and signs of seminiferous tubule degeneration.

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E. Kowalski et al.

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Effectiveness of a New Recombinant antiGnRH Vaccine for Immunocastration in Bulls

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Short Term Safety, Immunogenicity, and Reproductive Effects of Combined Vaccination With Anti-GnRH (Gonacon) and Rabies Vaccines in Female Feral Cats

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